The influence of light environment on the organic constitution of normal rabbits was studied by comparing the weights of organs of animals that had been living under cerrtain conditions for long periods of time. It was found that the light environment produced an effect on the physical constitution of the rabbits which was comparable to the effects produced on the functional activity of the sam...

the formation of the expediency council was a new and innovate development which had not been foreseen in the ratified constitution of november 1979, perhaps the legislators of the constitution at that time, had anticipated in all good will, that all responsible executive and legislative authorities of all ranks and responsibilities, would while addressing specific demands inherent in any given...

In our first two columns, we described innovative practices that Advanced Practices Council (APC) members shared with their colleagues at recent meetings. In this column, we describe the ideas that Jim Tosone, a long-standing APC member, shared at the October APC meeting. A contributor to the recently published “Complete Idiot’s Guide to the U.S. Constitution,” Tosone explained how understandin...

o consider liberty in relation to the Constitution is to enter upon a subject of some ambiguity. Which Constitution are we to consider? The document has undergone dramatic shifts in its coverage and in its meaning over the course of our history. The unamended document ratified in 1787 had little explicit to say about individual liberties. Aside from provisions such as those barring states from ...

In this paper, I present an Aristotelian solution to the problem of material constitution. The problem of material constitution arises whenever it appears that an object a and an object b share all of the same parts and yet are essentially related to their parts in different ways. (A familiar example: A lump of bronze constitutes a statue of Athena. The lump and the statue share all of the same...

The first part of this paper argues that if Craver’s ([2007a], [2007b]) popular mutual manipulability account (MM) of mechanistic constitution is embedded within Woodward’s ([2003]) interventionist theory of causation—for which it is explicitly designed—it either undermines the mechanistic research paradigm by entailing that there do not exist relationships of constitutive relevance or it gives...

lebanon enjoyed the constitution in 1924. in other words, this is the second country in middle east after iran which has enjoyed the constitution. lebanon is considered as the pattern of the islam world and west world which enjoys both rich culture of islam and culture and rules of west. lebanon has the distinguished status in comparison with islamic and arabic countries and the whole countries...

Parliamentary and Presidential Democracies: Which One is Best? With the exception of the United States, where a system of separation of executive and legislative powers exists, all countries that are considered to be stable democracies adopt a constitution that is, at least partially, parliamentary. A parliamentary constitution is characterized by the fusion of executive and legislative powers,...

A constitution forms the foundation of the virtually all governments around the world. A surprisingly large number of constitutions change each year. On average, 30 constitutions are amended and 5 are completely replaced each year. Despite this level of change, no country changes its constitution often enough for the country’s officials to gain much experience as constitutional drafters. In ord...

The constitution of the United States is to receive a reasonable interpretation of its language, and its powers, keeping in view the objects and purposes, for which those powers were conferred. By a reasonable interpretation, we mean, that in case the words are susceptible of two different senses, the one strict, the other more enlarged, that should be adopted, which is most consonant with the ...