environmental stresses specially drought, play an important role in decreasing plant growth, particularly during germination in dry and semi dry area. to considering the effect of drought stress caused by polyethylene glycol on germination and characteristics of 2 spices of sesamum indicum, we had done factorial and complete accidental plot with 4 treatments and 3 times repetition. experimental...

Let A be an element of the copositive cone COP. A zero u of A is a nonnegative vector whose elements sum up to one and such that uTAu = 0. The support of u is the index set suppu ⊂ {1, . . . , n} corresponding to the nonzero entries of u. A zero u of A is called minimal if there does not exist another zero v of A such that its support suppv is a strict subset of suppu. Our main result is a char...

When viewing images, the relative luminance of the surround has a profound impact on the apparent contrast of the image. For this reason, photographic transparencies intended for projection in a darkened room are produced with an objective contrast substantially higher than that necessary for optimum reproduction as prints viewed in an illuminated surround. The dark surround causes the image el...

We say that a symmetric matrix A is copositive if vTAv ≥ 0 for all nonnegative vectors v. The main result of this paper is a characterization of the cone of feasible directions at a copositive matrix A, i.e., the convex cone of symmetric matrices B such that there exists δ > 0 satisfying A + δB being copositive. This cone is described by a set of linear inequalities on the elements of B constru...

While still the dominant method of statistical inference, the null hypothesis significance test (NHST) is controversial. Recently, it has been suggested to replace the traditional NHST with a Bayesian alternative using Bayes factors. While Bayesian tests resolve many of the problems that plague the traditional NHST, they still suffer from the issue that in rejecting the null hypothesis, one eff...

The concept of sentience concerns the capacity to have feelings. There is evidence for sophisticated cognitive concepts and for both positive and negative feelings in a wide range of nonhuman animals. All vertebrates, including fish, as well as some molluscs and decapod crustaceans have pain systems. Most people today consider that their moral obligations extend to many animal species. Moral de...