OBJECTIVE To assess whether progesterone (P4) or osteoblast P4 receptor-acting progestin (P) contributed to estrogen (E) therapy-related increased areal bone mineral density (BMD) in randomized controlled trials (RCT) with direct randomization to estrogen (ET) or estrogen-progestin (EPT) therapy. METHODS Systematic literature searches in biomedical databases identified RCT with direct randomi...

High concentrations of lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], an independent risk factor for atherosclerosis, cannot be managed by the usual lipid-lowering agents. It has been suggested that Lp(a) levels are related to female sex hormones. Estrogen replacement therapy makes the lipid profiles favorable for delaying atherosclerosis in postmenopausal women. The effects of the combination therapy of estrogen and...

OBJECTIVE We observed that estrogen did not show cardioprotective benefits in type 2 diabetic postmenopausal women. We hypothesized that hypertensive and/or overweight women may be less likely to realize cardiovascular benefits from estrogen. METHODS AND RESULTS We administered micronized progesterone (MP) 100 mg or medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) 2.5 mg with conjugated equine estrogen (CEE...

Tissue-selective estrogen complex (TSEC), which combines a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) with one or more estrogens, is a novel approach to menopausal therapy. It has been demonstrated that the phytoestrogen genistein (GEN) exhibits mixed estrogen receptor agonist and antagonist activity, suggesting that GEN may have potential for use as a natural SERM. We evaluated, for the firs...

Bazedoxifene acetate is a novel, chemically distinct selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) that has been specifically developed after a stringent preclinical screening in order to obtain favorable effects on the skeleton and lipid metabolism with the additional improvement of a neutral effect on hot flushes and without stimulating the uterus or the breast. In both preclinical and clinica...

Receptor-mediated hepatic uptake of low density lipoproteins (LDL) conjugated to colloidal gold was studied by perfusion of livers from rats treated for 5 d with 17a-ethinylestradiol . Estrogen treatment resulted in a marked decrease in serum lipid and lipoprotein concentrations . After 15 min of perfusion the conjugate was bound to the hepatic microvilli of both control and estrogen-treated ra...

The hypothesis that estrogen might be protective for younger women but might become neutral, or even harmful, for older women has been proposed for both cardiovascular disease and dementia [1,2]. When referring specifically to the benefits or risks of estrogen therapy (ET), this hypothesis has been called the window of opportunity, window of vulnerability, or timing hypothesis. For simplicity, ...

In modern medicine the diagnosis and prognosis of an abnormal metabolic condition is based on blood borne measurements involving one or more biomarker. Objective: This paper reports the development of a minimal negative feedback model for the description of longitudinal biomarkers concentrations for treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Methods: Literature data were obtained from d...

CONTEXT The Women's Health Initiative trial of combined estrogen plus progestin was stopped early when overall health risks, including invasive breast cancer, exceeded benefits. Outstanding issues not previously addressed include characteristics of breast cancers observed among women using hormones and whether diagnosis may be influenced by hormone effects on mammography. OBJECTIVE To determi...