We present a simple method of probabilistic risk analysis for ecosystems. The only requirements are time series—modelled or measured—of environment and ecosystem variables. Risk is defined as the product of hazard probability and ecosystem vulnerability. Vulnerability is the expected difference in ecosystem performance between years with and without hazardous conditions. We show an application ...

A new simple airborne method based on wide optics camera is developed for leaf area index (LAI) estimation in coniferous forests. The measurements are carried out in winter, when the forest floor is completely snow covered and thus acts as a light background for the hemispherical analysis of the images. The photos are taken automatically and stored on a laptop during the flights. The R value of...

Global change is shifting ecosystem type relative abundance in boreal forests, while the green energy transition results increased mining activities around globe. The interaction and consequent effects of these two trends on biodiversity have not been examined depth. Bryophytes species can be used as indicators to measure because they play key ecological roles forests. We identified evaluated b...

this study was conducted to determine soil properties that correlate with the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (amf) spore numbers in semiarid calcareous soils of hamadan province in northwestern of iran. soil samples from six sites managed differently were collected from a 0 to 30 cm depth. the results showed that land use and management systems had a significant effect on amf spore number in soi...

The chemical composition of the flint insert and the black adhesive layer on it and of the adhesive lump found from the Early Mesolithic Pulli settlement site was determined by the attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy. The black adhesive lump and layer on the artefact is birch bark tar probably mixed with some fat and possibly containing some conifero...

Various issues pertaining to artificial reforestation using coniferous planting stock are presented in the question/answer format. The discussed topics include: planting into organic soil substrates, microsite selection, planting depth, and closing the planting hole. These topics are viewed in the context of different site-related or climate-associated factors that may limit the successful esta...

The presented studies embraced samples of wood chips from coniferous trees which contained layers of duramen, alburnum and bark. Microbiological analysis involved qualitative and quantitative determination of bacterial flora inhabiting the studied wood material. The wood chips were found to contain primarily species belonging to the genera Bacillus and Pseudomonas. The presence of the potential...