the congestion pricing has been discussed as a practical tool for traffic management on urban transport networks. the traffic congestion is defined as an external diseconomy on the network in transport economics. it has been proposed that the congestion pricing would be used to reduce the traffic on the network. this paper investigates the cordon-based second-best congestion-pricing problems on...

Congestion is a wasteful stage of the production process where outputs are reduced due to excessive amount of inputs. There are several approaches in data envelopment analysis (DEA) literatures to treat congestion. The concept of strong and weak congestion first developed by Tone and Sahoo [Tone, K., Sahoo, B.K., 2004. Degree of scale economies and congestion: A unified DEA approach. European J...

Here during this document A MAC layer stage overloading detection system has been foreseeable. The planned model aims to share out associate degree energy competent mechanism to calculate the degree of congestion at victim node with maximal accuracy. This block detection tool is incorporated with a sequence Crosslayered obstruction management Routing Topology. The projected model involves hard ...

Given the extreme difficulty of estimating crash likelihoods, the most important aspect of the development of congestion management strategies is the identification of the factors that affect non-recurrent congestion caused by crashes. Such factors must be identified to develop crash management strategies and congestion management strategies. The objectives of this study are to identify causal ...

We study the convergence time of Nash dynamics in two classes of congestion games – constant player congestion games and bounded jump congestion games. It was shown by Ackermann and Skopalik [2] that even 3-player congestion games are PLS-complete. We design an FPTAS for congestion games with constant number of players. In particular, for any > 0, we establish a stronger result, namely, any seq...

This document describes a possible congestion control mechanism for acknowledgement (ACKs) traffic in TCP. The document specifies an end-to-end acknowledgement congestion control mechanism for TCP that uses participation from both TCP hosts: the TCP data sender and the TCP data receiver. The TCP data sender detects lost or Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)-marked ACK packets, and tells the...

allergic rhinitis (ar) is a common global health problem with approximately one quarter of  the  world population  affected. the  quality of  life (qol)  of  sufferers with ar is significantly affected. the aim of this study was to evaluate the qol of adults with ar. this study was designed for adults with ar above 18 years old. the study was conducted using a valid rhinitis quality of life que...

This document describes a possible congestion control mechanism for acknowledgement (ACKs) traffic in TCP. The document specifies an end-to-end acknowledgement congestion control mechanism for TCP that uses participation from both TCP hosts: the TCP data sender and the TCP data receiver. The TCP data sender detects lost or Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)-marked ACK packets, and tells the...