For many years, cardiac catheterization and angiocardiography have been the main diagnostic methods for morphological and functional assessment of congenital shunts. However, catheterization techniques are invasive, require injection of iodide contrast and exposure to x-rays, and complications may arise, particularly in pediatric patients. In the last 2 decades, echocardiography has progressive...

Fetal echocardiography is the ultrasonic evaluation of the human fetal cardiovascular system. General antepartum obstetrical ultrasound has become a standard part of gestational care and is commonly used for the determination of fetal age, size, gender, or well-being and for the detection of congenital anomalies. A variety of maternal or fetal disorders may result in abnormality of the fetal ca...

conclusions using a single postsurgical dose of methylprednisolone does not significantly alter the clinical outcome after repairing tetralogy of fallot. results the only significant differences were lower incidence of bacteremia and higher incidence of hyperglycemia in the group who were used methylprednisolone. patients and methods one hundred children who underwent total repair of tetralogy ...

it has been recognized that patients with cyanotic congenital heart disease (cchd) show significant bleeding tendency which can be secondary to coagulopathies in these patients. some coagulation abnormalities are thrombocytopenia, factor deficiencies, fibrinolysis and disseminated intravascular coagulation  (dic). according to high prevalence of cchd and major operations in theses patients, the...

we report two cases of tetralogy of fallot with pulmonary valve bacterial endocarditis where one extended to the branch of pulmonary artery (pa). this is a rare occurrence. aggressive supportive care plus early and radical surgery can be life saving.

the most frequent congenital heart defects in the neonatal period are ventricular septal defects. ventricular septal aneurysms can rarely develop from an interventricular septal (ivs) defect in adults. we describe a 47-year-old man with an aneurysm in the ivs growing towards the right ventricle, which was confirmed by cardiac computed tomographic angiography and was missed by echocardiography.

Congenital cardiac anomalies are the most common anomalies, with an estimated incidence of about 4-13 per 1000 live births. Proper perinatal and neonatal management is dependent upon accurate prenatal diagnosis. Approximately 10% of foetuses with cardiac abnormalities have identified risk factors; hence, most of the anomalies occur in pregnancies without prenatal risk factors. Foetal echocardio...

Patients with congenital heart disease corrected in early childhood may later in life present with cardiac symptoms caused by other associated congenital anomalies that were initially not diagnosed. Nowadays, several noninvasive imaging modalities are available for the visualisation of cardiac anatomy in great detail. We describe two patients with an unroofed coronary sinus, a rare congenital a...

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography are often the primary imaging techniques for many patients with congenital heart disease (CHD). However, with modern generations of CT systems and recent advances in temporal and spatial resolution, cardiac CT has been gaining an increasing reputation in the field of cardiac imaging and in the evaluation of patients with congenital heart d...