VDES R-Mode aims at providing a contingency maritime positioning and navigation system when the operation of Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is disrupted. However, R-Mode, similarly to GNSS, can itself also be subject different types attacks, such as jamming or spoofing. In this paper, we evaluate vulnerabilities discuss effectiveness cost countermeasures. The outcome cost-benefit an...

Abstract Interest in change propagation analysis for engineering design has increased rapidly since the topic gained prominence late 1990s. Although there are now many approaches and models, is a smaller number of underlying key concepts. This article contributes literature review organising framework that summarises relates these Approaches have been taken to address each concept collected dis...

Brain networks are increasingly understood as one of a large class of information processing systems that share important organizational principles in common, including the property of a modular community structure. A module is topologically defined as a subset of highly inter-connected nodes which are relatively sparsely connected to nodes in other modules. In brain networks, topological modul...

Several computational and mathematical features of the h-p cloud method are demonstrated in this paper. We show how h, p and h-p adaptivity can be implemented in the h-p cloud method without traditional grid concepts typical of finite element methods. The mathematical derivation of an a posteriori error estimate for the h-p cloud method is also presented. Severalnumerical examples illustrate th...

Research on mathematics education has shown that learners' actions can influence how they think and vice versa. Much of this work has been rooted in the use of manipulatives, gestures, and body movements. Our article dissects the mechanisms that underscore the impact of embodied activities and applies this lens to explore how to harness the affordances of new technology to enhance mathematical ...

Ricci scalar is the key ingredient of non-Newtonian theory of gravity, where space-time geometry has a crucial role. Normally, it is supposed to be a geometrical field, but interestingly it also behaves like a physical field. Thus it plays dual role in the arena of gravitation. This article is an overview of the work related to dual roles of the Ricci scalar. A scalar is a mathematical concept ...