UNLABELLED To establish a replicative niche during its infectious cycle between the intestinal lumen and tissue, the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium requires numerous virulence genes, including genes for two type III secretion systems (T3SS) and their cognate effectors. To better understand the host-pathogen relationship, including early infection dynamics and induction...

Parasites steal resources that a host would otherwise direct toward its own growth and reproduction. We use this fundamental notion to explain resource-dependent virulence in a fungal parasite (Metschnikowia)-zooplankton host (Daphnia) system and in a variety of other disease systems with invertebrate hosts. In an experiment, well-fed hosts died faster and produced more parasites than did auste...

N-glycosylation is a post-translational modification of proteins that occurs across all three domains life. In Archaea, crucial for cell stability and motility, but importantly also has significant implications virus–host interactions. While some archaeal viruses present glycosylated or interact with host proteins, the direct influence on interactions remains to be elucidated. this study, we ge...

Objective(s): Systemic candidiasis is an infection of Candida albicans (C. albicans) causing disseminated disease and sepsis, invariably when host defenses are compromised. We investigated the histopathological changes as well as the lymphoproliferative responses and cytokine production of splenic cells after stimulation with Concanavalin A (Con A) and Pokeweed mitogen (PWM) in mice with dissem...

This study is on the impact of pipeline transportation and vandalization economic development in Ikwerre Local Government Area Rivers State. Pipeline preferred means petroleum products Nigeria. Significantly, this mode transporting has also become a major source concern that it appears to negatively affect communities Niger Delta region. The therefore, explores Area. methodology qualitative. Da...

Cnidarian bleaching is a breakdown in the mutualistic symbiosis between host Cnidarians, such as reef building corals, and their unicellular photosynthetic dinoflagellate symbionts. Bleaching is caused by a variety of environmental stressors, most notably elevated temperatures associated with global climate change in conjunction with high solar radiation, and it is a major contributor to coral ...

Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous apicomplexan parasite that can cause severe disease in fetuses and immune-compromised patients. Rhoptries, micronemes, and dense granules, which are secretory organelles unique to Toxoplasma and other apicomplexan parasites, play critical roles in parasite growth and virulence. To understand how these organelles modulate infected host cells, we sought to identi...

14 The interaction between Emiliania huxleyi, a bloom-forming alga, and its specific large virus 15 (EhV), is one of the most ecologically important algal-virus model system. Infection by EhV 16 depends on profound rewiring of metabolic network to supply essential building blocks for viral 17 assembly. Despite the clear evidence for the modulation of the host metabolic and signaling 18 pathways...

Optimal foraging theory explains diet restriction as an adaptation to best utilize an array of foods differing in quality, the poorest items not worth the lost opportunity of finding better ones. Although optimal foraging has traditionally been applied to animal behavior, the model is easily applied to viral host range, which is genetically determined. The usual perspective for bacteriophages (...