What justifies our beliefs about what other people say (henceforth, comprehension-based beliefs)? According to epistemic inferentialism​, the justification of depends on beliefs, e.g., words speaker uttered or even sounds they produced. non-inferentialism, ​does not depend beliefs. This paper offers a new defense non-inferentialism. First, I discuss three counterexamples non-inferentialism prov...

as many scholars believe, teaching persian language, that as the second language in the muslim world, is a window for knowing and understanding the culture and civilization of iran, requires specialized curriculum development. this research is aimed to present the reading comprehension skill for upper-intermediate learners in the field of islamic sciences on the basis of task-based approach and...

This study reports on the development of a reading comprehension course based on Critical Pedagogy principles, and the result of its application on EFL learners' reading comprehension competence, their motivation to read English materials, their democratic attitudes towards their English classrooms, and also their attitudes towards the critical course. The present study is, in fact, a step forw...

This paper reviews current psycholinguistic and neuroimaging evidence on language processing with particular focus on the relationship between production and comprehension. In the first part, different methods of psycholinguistic research are introduced and examples for psycholinguistic models (production: Levelt et al. 1999; comprehension: Friederici 2002) are sketched. In the second part, the...

This thesis takes up the problem of syntactic comprehension, or parsing—how an agent (human or machine) with knowledge of a specific language goes about inferring the hierarchical structural relationships underlying a surface string in the language. I take the position that probabilistic models of combining evidential information are cognitively plausible and practically useful for syntactic co...

This study investigated the intervention of Zimmerman & Hutchins (2003) Information Synthesization vs. Visualization on Iranian Undergraduate ESP (Accounting) learners’ reading comprehension achievement across gender. 120 ESP University students majoring in Accounting in Iran participated in this study and were assigned to 4 homogeneous groups, 30 male and 30 female students in experimental gro...

this study was designed to investigate the effects of gender and schema-based pre-reading activities on the iranian efl learners’ reading comprehension. the sample consisted of 60 male and female students studying at second-grade high school in abhar city. two reading passages (“charles dickens and the little children”, and “hic, hic, hic”) were randomly selected from second-grade english textb...