This study aims to estimate the function of copper consumption using the Johansen approach in time series data, between 1991-2011 in Iran. The literature review of specialized consumption and demand functions shows factors influencing the consumption of copper including copper price variables, aluminum price as a substitute commodity, oil price as a complementary commodity, and industrializatio...

A frican economies export primary commodities, and most export little else. Policymakers as well as economists and historians of African economic development have seen these exports as both a hope and a curse. The following parable tells the story: Once upon a time, a servant of the ruler discovered a miraculous plant, which grew readily in that country, and whose seeds could be woven into fine...

Fifty years ago T. M. Rybczynski [3] published a frequently referenced note in which he inaugurated a systematic investigation of the comparative statics associated with a change in the endowment of a factor. The questions that he posed are broad and fundamental: How do the prices and consumptions of final goods depend on factor endowments? How do factor prices and consumer wealth vary with cha...

Bandwidth is becoming commoditized and markets are starting to appear. Potential behaviors of these markets are not yet understood because these markets are still in the early stages of development. This is re¯ected in the lack of current research on the structure and dynamics of network commodity market prices. We present a method for constructing telecom commodity spot price processes as a ®r...

The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Paris Agreement has been announced as a crucial step towards combating the global threat of climate change. In light ambitious plans for further renewable energy sources development, high demand nonenergy materials critical RES is greatly expected. conclusion, future security will be surely based commodities them. As this article directl...

This paper finds that the long-term co-movement among commodities is driven by economic relations, such as, production, substitution or complementary relationships. These economic linkages imply that expected commodity prices, which are determined by convenience yields and risk premia among other factors, tend to move with each other. This source of co-movement is not captured by traditional co...

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Over the counter (OTC) forward contracts are regularly traded by hedgers at maturities beyond the longest-dated futures contract. The presence of seasonality in agricultural commodities creates additional uncertainty for obtaining fair prices for OTC forward contract trades beyond the liquid futures strip. This paper employs an augmented Nelson-Siegel function to obtain seasonal agricultural co...