OBJECTIVE We investigated whether potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) during a combat deployment may lead to PTSD through distinct pathways from danger-based events. We also examined the prevalence of perpetration-based PMIEs, during which service members behaved in ways that violated their own moral values, and betrayal-based PMIEs, during which personal moral expectations were violat...

OBJECTIVE This study examined whether trauma exposure before, during, and/or after military service contributed to current levels of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and adjustment. Further, we investigated whether trauma exposure before military service was mediated or moderated by military trauma in its effects on current PTSD and adjustment. METHOD In this retrospective study, archiva...

OBJECTIVE This longitudinal study investigated the health effects of experiences during World War II among veterans by examining how well-being changed across the postwar years and varied by prewar individual attributes. METHOD The subjects were men from the Stanford-Terman data archives who served in World War II and were born before 1925 (N = 328). Of these veterans, 236 were known to have ...

The Life Events Checklist (LEC), a measure of exposure to potentially traumatic events, was developed at the National Center for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) concurrently with the Clinician Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) to facilitate the diagnosis of PTSD. Although the CAPS is recognized as the gold standard in PTSD symptom assessment, the psychometric soundness of the LEC has never be...

Virtual reality (VR) integrates real-time computer graphics, body tracking devices, visual displays, and other sensory input devices to immerse a participant in a computer-generated virtual environment that changes in a natural way with head and body motion. VR exposure (VRE) is proposed as an alternative to typical imaginal exposure treatment for Vietnam combat veterans with posttraumatic stre...

In spite of the large amount of “hype” that accompanied virtual reality (VR) earlier this decade, the field has produced only a few examples of demonstrably useful systems. Systems must be fielded and validated to show that VR is useful for purposes other than academic research. This paper discusses two VR systems developed at the Naval Research Laboratory that have received validation by stati...