background: leishmaniasis is an obligate intercellular protozoon that affects animals and human. it has zoonosis and/or anthroponosis transmission. human and veterinary medicine, environmental science and wildlife conservation special­ists have many commonalities in case of visceral leishmaniasis. still the above disciplines respond against leishmaniasis in a separate way.   the aim of this re­...

triple helix model (th) collaborations involving university, industry and government provide a networked infrastructure for shaping the dynamic fluxes of knowledge base of innovations locally and these fluxes remain emergent within the domains. in this article first the knowledge-based economy, national system of innovation, and three models of uig relations which represent different triple hel...

In the last issue of the Asia Pacific Journal of Medical Toxicology, Dr. Reza Afshari raised the question of what are the best scientific areas of focus of toxicology for “low income countries and how such research might be achieved (1). South-south collaboration, in which developing countries share resources, was one of the proposed solutions. Rather than limit discussion to “low income” coun...

In this paper we assess the economic viability of innovation by producers relative to two increasingly important alternative models: innovations by single user individuals or firms, and open collaborative innovation. We analyze the design costs and architectures and communication costs associated with each model. We conclude that both innovation by individual users and open collaborative innova...

Work organization and team membership is highly complex for modern workers. Teams are often dynamic as personnel change during a project. Dynamic team members have to be actively recruited and personnel changes make it harder for participants to retain group focus. Workers are often members of multiple groups. Though prior work has identified the prevalence of multi-teaming and dynamic teams, i...

The rise of social collaboration technologies, collectively called Web 2.0 (O'Reilly 2005), and corresponding changes in the skills and preferences of students have posed fundamental challenges for institutions and educators. With their ability to engage learners as potential creators and active participants in the learning process, Web 2.0 technologies offer the potential to improve significan...

DNA microarrays are a potentially powerful technology for improving diagnostic classification, treatment selection and prognostic assessment. There are, however, many potential pitfalls in the use of microarrays that result in false leads and erroneous conclusions. Effective use of this technology requires new levels of interdisciplinary collaboration with statistical and computational scientis...

A common concern about socially responsible investing (SRI) is that there is a premium to be paid for being socially responsible that necessarily diminishes investment returns. A comprehensive review of the empirical literature questions this premise. At RBC Global Asset Management, we monitor a broad range of financial trends and issues that may influence our clients’ decision-making. Periodic...

The way an author or a group of authors are cited tells more about the real impact of their work than authorship and collaborations. Indeed, the connections within the scientific community can be more accurately elicited from the co-citation graph than from the collaboration graph. We suggest some indices that can be drawn from the co-citation graph in order to capture the relevance of individu...