When a deaf child's rehabilitation starts, the audiologist should keep in mind what kind of rehabilitative method he or she would have for the child. Differences in opinions about the most appropriate method for every child have made decision making about the philosophy of communicative methods not an easy one. The audiologist should be aware that at the time of making this decision, the parent...

efl/esl textbooks have been regarded as essential language teaching materials with which the learners spend about 70 up to 90 percent of their class time. the important role they play and their vast use make them not only influential in learning the language but also in shaping values and attitudes. put it another way, textbooks socialize learners using their contents (i.e. texts, illustrations...

Extended Abstract Introduction Sport, having a different philosophy than other sciences, needs its own theories, and the ethics of sports in Iran requires a fundamental look at the fundamental issues of heroism, chivalry and dignity of this land (2, 1). One of the main components of exercise is coaching. The coach must know how the goals and values ​​of sports are related to the go...

 Background: Survey of patients’ demand and need to receive dental services, has a special role in providing these services and meeting the community therapeutic needs. This study compares patients’ demand and need to receive restorative dental services in a dental clinic in Isfahan. Methods: This was a descriptive-cross sectional study and data gathering was by checklist. The data of ide...

there are two major theories of measurement in psychometrics: classical test theory (ctt) and item-response theory (irt). despite its widespread and long use, ctt has a number of shortcomings, which make it problematic to be used for practical and theoretical purposes. irt tries to solve these shortcomings, and provide better and more dependable answers. one of the applications of irt is the as...

data envelopment analysis (dea) is a powerful tool for measuring relative efficiency of organizational units referred to as decision making units (dmus). in most cases dmus have network structures with internal linking activities. traditional dea models, however, consider dmus as black boxes with no regard to their linking activities and therefore do not provide decision makers with the reasons...