BACKGROUND Immunosuppressive treatment of rheumatic diseases may be associated with several opportunistic infections of the brain. The differentiation between primary central nervous system (CNS) involvement and CNS infection may be difficult, leading to delayed diagnosis. OBJECTIVE To differentiate between CNS involvement and CNS infection in systemic rheumatic diseases. METHODS AND RESULT...

Advances in stem cell biology have raised great expectations that diseases and injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) may be ameliorated by the development of non-hematopoietic stem cell medicines. Yet, the application of adult stem cells as CNS therapeutics is challenging and the interpretation of some of the outcomes ambiguous. In fact, the initial idea that stem cell transplants work o...

Ginseng, the root of Panax species, is a well-known folk medicine. It has been used as traditional herbal medicine in China, Korea and Japan for thousands of years and today is a popular and worldwide used natural medicine. The active ingredients of ginseng are ginsenosides which are also called ginseng saponins. Recently, there is increasing evidence in the literature on the pharmacological an...

The global pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) persists despite the progress vaccination and increased natural immunity. SARS-CoV-2 associated not only with pneumonia distress, but also many symptoms related to central nervous system (CNS), including loss sense taste smell, headache, convulsions, visual disturbances, impa...

Rho kinase (ROCK) is a serine/threonine kinase and a downstream target of the small GTPase Rho. The RhoA/ROCK pathway is associated with various neuronal functions such as migration, dendrite development, and axonal extension. Evidence from animal studies reveals that RhoA/ROCK signaling is involved in various central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including optic nerve and spinal cord injuries...