dental anatomical variations play a significant role in the diagnosis and a successful treatment outcome in endodontics. it is essential for the clinician to have a clear picture and understanding of the pulpal anatomy and its variations. in a mandibular second premolar, it is rare to find extra roots and canals. the aim of the present article is to report a case about the successful diagnosis,...

Post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) is an inflammatory and degenerative disease that occurs as a result of the joint structures injury. It common pathology, accounting for approximately 12% all cases (OA). PTOA often in people young productive age, progresses rapidly, causing chronic pain increasing dysfunction. Individuals undergoing replacement are, on average, 10 years younger than those wi...