clinical research usually involves patients with a certain disease or a condition. the generalizability of clinical research findings is based on multiple factors related to the internal and external validity of the research methods. the main methodological issue that influences the generalizability of clinical research findings is the sampling method. in this educational article, we are explai...

Since late 1960s, pharmacists in the USA and England have started a professional movement towards a more efficient presence in clinical wards of hospitals. A similar movement has started in developed European countries during the past decade. Pharmacists are convinced of the need for them to play their role as drug consultants and pharmacotherapy advisers to make decisions on drug therapy probl...

Since late 1960s, pharmacists in the USA and England have started a professional movement towards a more efficient presence in clinical wards of hospitals. A similar movement has started in developed European countries during the past decade. Pharmacists are convinced of the need for them to play their role as drug consultants and pharmacotherapy advisers to make decisions on drug therapy probl...

The determination of a cut-off value for a continuous prognostic test is an important problem, which is statistically challenging and practically important for risk assessment. We propose in this paper a method to estimate the optimal cut-off from this type of longitudinal data with censored failure times. The principle is to combine the prognostic error rates of false positives and false negat...

vesicoureteral reflux (vur) is one of the most important causes of urinary tract infection and renal failure in children. it is a potentially self-limited disease. the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical course and significant factors in children with primary vur. the medical charts of 125 infants and children (27.2 % males, 72.8% females) with all grades of primary vur were retrospe...

Introduction. With recognition of clinical education problems in nursing and midwifery, the people in charge will be able to plan the optimal education programs to promote quality presentation of health services to all persons of the community. Surveying the view points of students and faculty members of nursing and midwifery about clinical education problems were the aims of this study. Meth...

Much of what we understand about the regulation of arterial pressure and extracellular fluid volume has been derived from studies in men. Although the responses that can be mounted against major physiological challenges to extracellular fluid volume (hemorrhage/dehydration) are essentially similar in men and women, there are marked sex-related differences in the regulation of renal and cardiova...

Two hundred infants of below 1501 g at birth were regularly examined with real time ultrasound using a 7.5 MHz transducer. Abnormalities were categorized as periventricular haemorrhage (PVH) (n = 107) or periventricular leucomalacia (PVL), with or without PVH (n = 52). Of the group with PVL, 25 had the appearances of prolonged flare without cavitation. Prospective assessments of up to 50 potent...