conclusions in children undergoing adenotonsillectomy, dexamethasone has a significant antiemetic effect and decreases odynophagia, otalgia, and the need for analgesia. background tonsillectomy is associated with early and late postoperative complications in the children. previous studies have shown some effects of dexamethasone; however, there has been a lack of studies that evaluate its effec...

background: laryngoscopy is an invasive technique that is associated with severe cardiovascular complications. this study was designed to compare the preventing effect of two doses tramadol injection on the heart rate and blood pressure changes after laryngoscopy and tracheal intubation in elective surgical patients. methods: in this clinical trial study, 189 elective surgical patients randomly...

there is an increased prevalence of maternal substance abuse during pregnancy in younger women in all socioeconomic classes and races. our aim was to determine the prevalence and correlates of self-reported substance abuse among pregnant women and obstetric complications or neonatal outcomes in iran. this retrospective cohort study is covering a five year period on medical records of pregnant w...