Policy interest in the cost of adaptation is growing, but compared to the mitigation literature adaptation cost research is still in its infancy. Global adaptation cost estimates from more recent studies range from around $25 billion a year to well over $100 billion by 2015-2030. The wide range is symptomatic of the poor state of knowledge. Important knowledge gaps remain both in terms of scope...

Vegetation phenology regulates many ecosystem processes and is an indicator of the biological responses to climate change. It is important to model the timing of leaf senescence accurately, since the canopy duration and carbon assimilation are strongly determined by the timings of leaf senescence. However, the existing phenology models are unlikely to accurately predict the end of the growing s...

Subnational governments play a key role responding to climate change risks in terms of policy strategies and instruments. This article analyzes how Brazilian municipal and state governments have developed and implemented public policies to mitigate and to adapt to climate change risks. We surveyed all cities’ and states’ climate policies within the country. The methodological approach includes ...

R ecent years have seen adaptation come to the fore of the international climate change debate. The focus is centred largely upon enhancing the capacity of developing countries and the poorest to adapt to the impacts of climate change. As a result, interventions to facilitate adaptation need to identify and address key barriers to ensure that societies are resilient in the face of a changing cl...

The need for smallholder farmers to adapt their practices to a changing climate is well recognised, particularly in Africa. The cost of adapting to climate change in Africa is estimated to be $20 to $30 billion per year, but the total amount pledged to finance adaptation falls significantly short of this requirement. The difficulty of assessing and monitoring when adaptation is achieved is one ...

1 Introduction I strongly endorse the central theme of Mendelsohn's (2000) paper that 'adaptation (including its costs) must... be taken into account in order to design efficient climate change policies'. Mendelsohn makes several valuable observations that amplify this point. He stresses that there is an efficient amount of adaptation, and that one can have too much or too little adaptation. Us...

Background Addressing climate change and its associated effects is a multi-dimensional and ongoing challenge. This includes recognizing that climate change will affect the health and wellbeing of all populations over short and longer terms, albeit in varied ways and intensities. That recognition has drawn attention to the need to take adaptive actions to lessen adverse impacts over the next few...

introduction chickpea (cicer arietinum l.) is cultivated on alarge scale in arid and semiarid environments. terminal drought and heat stress, among other abiotic and biotic stresses, are the major constraints of yield in most regions of chickpea production. the study of the effects of climate change could help to develop adaptation strategies to promote and stabilize crop yield. this research w...

Climate change adaptation presents a challenge to current top-down governance structures, including the tension between provision of public goods and actions required by diverse stakeholders, including private actors. Alternative governance approaches that facilitate participation and learning across scales are gaining attention for their ability to bring together diverse actors across sectors ...