to enhance the understanding of the impact of obstacle buildings on pollution transportationand dispersion in the atmospheric boundary layer, it is necessary to know the atmospheric flow characteristics over terrains. wind flow characteristics in a boundary layer over a step-shaped cliff topography model with rough and smooth surfaces were studied numerically using computational fluid dynamics ...

This paper investigates the architectural turn of largest Buddhist cave complex in late-medieval Dunhuang (in Northwest China) with a focus on contemporaneous exterior structures. The structures include timber facades that cover caves’ antechambers cut out from vertical cliff, timber-structured ante-halls ground, and earthen shrines pagodas cliff top. These structures, albeit mostly non-extant,...

To examine the influences of facial versus vocal cues on infants' behavior in a potentially threatening situation, 12-month-olds on a visual cliff received positive facial-only, vocal-only, or both facial and vocal cues from mothers. Infants' crossing times and looks to mother were assessed. Infants crossed the cliff faster with multimodal and vocal than with facial cues, and looked more to mot...

Infants require locomotor experience to behave adaptively at a drop-off. However, different experimental paradigms (visual cliff and actual gaps and slopes) have generated conflicting findings regarding what infants learn and the specificity of their learning. An actual, adjustable drop-off apparatus was used to investigate whether learning to distinguish a step from a cliff transfers from craw...

Although confidence intervals (CIs) have many benefits over null hypothesis significance testing (NHST) they can still be misinterpreted. Identifying CI misconceptions is a first step in designing teaching tools that can be used to prevent or reduce them. I surveyed graduate level students and found they hold several misconceptions about CIs. Many believe there is a uniform likelihood distribut...

The cliff effect—a sudden drop of confidence that a real effect exists just above p=0.05—captures the way many researchers and students interpret p-values. It is consistent with dichotomous judgements based exclusively on statistical significance (SS). Many have argued that CI can overcome over-reliance on SS. In our study, 172 researchers rated the strength of evidence against the null hypothe...

The minimal control principle (Taatgen, 2007) predicts that people strive for a problem solving strategies that require as few internal control states as possible. In an experiment with the Abstract Decision Making task (ADM task; Joslyn & Hunt, 1998) the reward structure is manipulated to make either a low-control strategy or a high-strategy more feasible. The results show that most participan...