This study investigates beginning level adult Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL) learners’ difficulties with Mandarin Chinese tones. Twenty CFL learners enrolled in a first semester CFL course in a U.S. university participated as speakers. Their productions of Mandarin phrases and sentences were judged by native Mandarin listeners for pronunciation and tone problems and were also rated by nati...

Dalam proses belajar bahasa Mandarin, motivasi dan sikap mahasiswa menentukan ke efektifitan pembelajaran mandarin. Motivasi dibagi menjadi eksternal internal, keduanya dapat berbaur satu sama lain untuk menstimulasi mahasiswa. Penelitian ini menggunakan observasi kelas kuesioner dalam pengumpulan data. Data yang terkumpul dianalisis dengan teknik deskriptif kualitatif. bertujuan menganalisis S...

the research focused to evaluate physical, chemical, and sensory properties of raw, blanched, and 2, 4, and 6% osmotically salt treated mandarin (citrus reticulata) peel powder. the yields of mandarin peel powder (mpp) were found in the range of 29.1 to 30.4% (db) for different treatments, which were not significantly different. the bulk density and solubility were found in the range of 1,267-1...

Contrary to studies on speech learning of consonants and vowels, the issue individual variability is less well understood in lexical tones. Whereas existing have focused contour-tone (Mandarin) by listeners without experience a tonal language, this study addressed research gap investigating perceptual level-tone contrasts (Cantonese) learners with system (Mandarin). Critically, we sought answer...

We motivate and present a corpus of scripted and spontaneous speech in both the native and the non-native language of talkers from various language backgrounds. Using corpus recordings from 11 native English and 11 late Mandarin-English bilinguals we compared speech timing across native English, native Mandarin, and Mandarin-accented English. Findings showed similarities across native Mandarin ...

Tone plays a fundamental role in Mandarin Chinese, as it plays a lexical role in determining the meanings of words in spoken Mandarin. For example, these two sentences R R (I like horses) and R M (I like to scold) differ only in the tone carried by the last syllable. Thus, the inclusion of tone-related information through analysis of pitch data should improve the performance of automatic speech...

based on the valuable antioxidant activity of citrus fruits, in present study the effect of ‎rootstock and the type of tissue on some fruit quality parameters including phenol, ‎flavonoid, antioxidant and the content of hesperidin and naringin of orange and mandarin ‎was studied. the experiment was conducted as a factorial design based on complete ‎randomized blocks with four replications. resu...