The approach to the lesion is dictated by the location and nature of the compression (1). When preoperative dynamic neuroradiological examinations demonstrate that the CVJ compression is reducible, neural decompression may be obtained by simply reducing the dislocation as well as by stabilizing the CVJ with a posterior instrumentation, either with wires, claws or screws (“functional decompressi...

the majority of bovine lameness involves structures of the digit. a prompt identification of problematic cases is needed to be done for prevention of premature culling decision. this cross-sectional and descriptive study was carried out at an abattoir in the vicinity of tehran. 41 cases of culled lame cows, with special reference to the claw lesions and their distribution were randomly selected...

The evolution of the skin barrier and appendages were major steps in terrestrial vertebrates. Hair keratins are main components mammalian hair, but homologs these proteins also expressed claws reptiles, suggesting that hair have evolved from claw a hairless ancestor. Here, we tested hypothesis keratin their association with evolutionarily conserved even amphibians. We determined proteomes soft ...

Preening is the principle behavioral defense used by birds to combat ectoparasites. Most birds have a small overhang at the tip of their bills that is used to shear through the tough cuticle of ectoparasitic arthropods, making preening much more efficient. Birds may also scratch with their feet to defend against ectoparasites. This is particularly important for removing ectoparasites on the hea...

The effects of 3 different furnished cage systems (Aviplus, Eurovent 625a, Eurovent 625A) on 2 different laying hen strains [Lohmann Selected Leghorn (LSL), Lohmann Brown (LB)] were examined for the traits of production, egg quality, bone strength, claw length, and keel bone status. Two trials were carried out in which all hens received identical feeding and management. In brown hens, the trait...

We employed both theoretical and computational models supported by experiments to study the multistable behavior of an edge-effect driven Si/Cr micro-claw. Our study showed that individual micro-claws demonstrate either monostability or bistability as the magnitude of the edge effect is varied.

Bairdoppilata scaura, n. sp. and five species of Bairdoppilata and Paranesidea in open nomenclature are described from encrusting communities on French Frigate Shoals and Kane'ohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Some poorly documented anatomical traits (carapace setae, hingement, antennal claws, genitalia) are examined for their potential taxonomic significance, in order to confirm the coherence o...

Grooming a bird refers to clipping wing feathers, trimming claws (nails), and on occasion, smoothing and trimming the beak. A veterinarian or experienced technician can perform this service on an otherwise healthy bird. Some disease states can result in nail and beak problems; consequently, all birds should be properly examined at regular intervals every 6 to 12 months.