The BER performance for an optimal circular 16-QAM constellation is theoretically derived and applied in wavelet based OFDM system in additive white Gaussian noise channel. Signal point constellations have been discussed in much literature. An optimal circular 16-QAM is developed. The calculation of the BER is based on the four types of the decision boundaries. Each decision boundary is determi...

The human telomere plays crucial roles in maintaining genome stability. In the presence of suitable cations, the repetitive 5'-TTAGGG-3' human telomere sequence can fold into G-quadruplexes that adopt the hybrid, basket, or propeller fold. The telomere sequence is hypersensitive to UV-induced thymine dimer (T=T) formation, yet it does not cause telomere shortening. In this work, the potential s...

The linear ion channel peptide gramicidin serves as an excellent prototype for monitoring the organization, dynamics, and function of membrane-spanning channels. The tryptophan residues in gramicidin channels are crucial for establishing and maintaining the structure and function of the channel in the membrane bilayer. In order to address the basis of differential importance of tryptophan resid...

The microchannel heat sink has been recognized as an excellent solution in high-density flux devices for its high efficiency removal with limited spaces; however, the most effective structure of microchannels dissipation is still unknown. In this study, fluid flow and transfer high-temperature wavy various shaped fins, including bare channel, channel circular, square, diamond-shaped are numeric...

In this work we investigate the use of a known symbol sequence – a so-called unique word (UW) – instead of the well-known cyclic prefix (as it is used in OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) systems) for a single carrier system with frequency domain equalization (SC/FDE). The considered SC/FDE system is similar to the one proposed in the IEEE 802.16.3c target group. It is shown tha...