Many stock exchanges set up certain limits on the maximum variation that a stock is allowed to have in a single day. Table 1 gives an overview of the price limit rules of some of the world exchanges. As reflected in the table, among stock exchanges in 41 countries that we obtain information, 23 of them have price limits and 7 of them have some kinds of circuit breaker rules. The normal assertio...

The switching behavior of vacuum switches (VS) is different to that of other circuit breakers. There are several effects which have to be taken into account, for example the current chopping, the dielectric strength of vacuum gap, the arc voltage, the quenching capability of high frequency currents, virtual current chopping and prestrikes. In some earlier investigations the characteristics of v...

Hybrid dc circuit breakers (HCBs) are recognized as suitable devices for protecting high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) systems, along with other (DCCB). However, compared to mechanical breakers, HCBs exhibit higher conduction losses. Such losses inevitable under no-fault conditions current may flow through some of the semiconductor switches. An integrated breaker (ICB) minimizing these is prese...