Partial shadowing is one of the problems that are always faced in terrestrial applications of solar photovoltaic (PV). The effects of partial shadow on the energy yield of conventional mono-crystalline and multi-crystalline PV modules have been researched for a long time. With deployment of new thin-film solar PV modules in the market, it is important to understand the performance of new PV mod...

The opportunities for photovoltaic (PV) solar energy conversion are reviewed in the context of projected world energy demands for the twenty-first century. Conventional single-crystal silicon solar cells are facing increasingly strong competition from thin-film solar cells based primarily on polycrystalline absorber materials, such as cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium gallium diselenid...

Polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin films, grown by coevaporation of the constituent elements with different amounts of sodium (Na), were investigated. In some devices, an increased Na content was achieved through the incorporation of a thin layer of NaF deposited on the substrate prior to the growth of CIGS. The effect of Na on the electro-optical properties was addressed through characte...

Reverse breakdown in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells can lead to defect creation and performance degradation. We present pulsed reverse-bias experiments, where we stress CIGS with a short reverse voltage pulse of ten milliseconds detect the electrical thermal response cell. This way, limit duration stress, allowing us study initial stages modules. Our results show that permanent damage develop ...

Real time spectroscopic ellipsometry (RTSE) has been applied for in-situ monitoring of the first stage of copper indium-gallium diselenide (CIGS) thin film deposition by the three-stage co-evaporation process used for fabrication of high efficiency thin film photovoltaic (PV) devices. The first stage entails the growth of indium-gallium selenide (In1-xGax)₂Se₃ (IGS) on a substrate of Mo-coated ...

Aim: Electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) are electric-powered devices that deliver nicotine with flavors and other additives. The popularity of e-cig is increasing gradually. In this study, we aimed to evaluate patients presented our clinic in terms their smoking vaping habits, views on e-cigs, how demographic features influenced e-cigs. Materials Methods: study included 150 male were divided into t...

As a new-style solar cell, copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin-film cell owns excellent characteristics of energy absorption, and it is one the widely used cells. This paper mainly focuses on research progress this type cell. Firstly, its theoretical principles are briefly described. Then, materials, configuration fabrication procedure introduced. Subsequently, remarkable work about CIGS...

The influence of Na on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells was investigated. A gradient profile of the Na in the CIGS absorber layer can induce an electric field modulation and significantly strengthen the back surface field effect. This field modulation originates from a grain growth model introduced by a combination of alloy-hardening and pair-annihilation probabilities, wherein the Cu supply and...

Structural and optical properties of ZnO1-хSх (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.0) thin films grown onto sapphire substrates (с-Al2O3) at 300 C by radio frequency (rf) magnetron sputtering of ZnS ceramic target are studied. A possibility of purposeful controlling sulfur content and, as consequence, ZnO1-хSх band gap energy via changing the ratio of the partial pressures of argon and oxygen are revealed. Linear depen...