Alcohol abuse causes dramatic neuroadaptations in the brain, which contribute to tolerance, dependence, and behavioral modifications. Previous proteomic studies in human alcoholics and animal models have identified candidate alcoholism-related proteins. However, recent evidences suggest that alcohol dependence is caused by changes in co-regulation that are invisible to single protein-based anal...

Chronic alcohol exposure causes marked changes in reinforcement mechanisms and motivational state that are thought to contribute to the development of cravings and relapse during protracted withdrawal. The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) is a key structure of the mesolimbic dopaminergic reward system. Although the NAcc plays an important role in mediating alcohol-seeking behaviors, little is known abo...

PURPOSE Perceived color of ceramics changes by the spectral power distribution of ambient light. This study aimed to quantify the amount of shifts in color and color coordinates of clinically simulated seven all-ceramics due to the switch of three ambient light sources using a human vision simulating spectroradiometer. MATERIALS AND METHODS CIE color coordinates, such as L*, a* and b*,of cera...

Endocytosis and postendocytic sorting of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is important for the regulation of both their cell surface density and signaling profile. Unlike the mechanisms of clathrin-dependent endocytosis (CDE), the mechanisms underlying the control of GPCR signaling by clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) remain largely unknown. Among the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors ...

traditional building technologies have much to teach us about how to design regionally appropriate structures. the orosi is one of these useful technologies, which has been used for many centuries in order to control the harsh sunlight in iran. this architectural element was rather important because the intensive solar radiation could easily damage valuable carpets used in most spaces in persia...

Daylight availability and sky luminance distributions vary spatially and temporally depending on geography, weather, and other local conditions. Substantial amount of data is accumulated from long term measurements in various parts of the world (Kitler et al. 1992) through sky scanners. These devices (such as the Krochmann sky scanner) typically measure luminance at 145 points. The accumulated ...

The Paleocene/Eocene thermal maximum (PETM) and associated carbon isotope excursion (CIE) are often touted as the best geologic analog for the current anthropogenic rise in pCO2. However, a causal mechanism for the PETM CIE remains unidentified because of large uncertainties in the duration of the CIE's onset. Here, we report on a sequence of rhythmic sedimentary couplets comprising the Paleoce...

DIAGNOSIS & TERMINOLOGY The diagnosis of “Chronic Idiopathic Enteropathy” (CIE), which includes “Inflammatory Bowel Disease” (IBD), is based on the presence of compatible clinical signs (chronic diarrhea, vomiting or weight loss) AND the exclusion of metabolic, infectious, neoplastic, and obstructive disorders of the gut (see Table 1). If biopsy samples also reveal mucosal morphologic abnormali...