Parkinsonian disorders comprise a variety of diseases, with differing pathology, natural history and prognosis. Although the most common is idiopathic (classical) Parkinson’s disease (PD), there is increasing recognition of ‘atypical’ parkinsonian disorders, such as multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and Lewy body disease (LBD) (1) (Fig. 1, see over). In some pa...

Editor must not exceed 400 words in length and may be subject to editing or abridgment. Letters must be limited to three authors and five references. They should not have tables or figures and should relate solely to an article published in Circulation within the preceding 12 weeks. Only some letters will be published. Authors of those selected for publication will receive prepublication proofs...

The incidence of POAF in this study was similar to that in other surgical cardiac populations despite our patients being younger than most surgical cohorts. However, patients with POAF in this study did not seem to have more acute symptoms (need for inotropic support, need for reoperation, duration of intensive care unit stay) than patients remaining in sinus rhythm. This longer hospital stay w...

Hypertensive transgenic (mRen2)27 rats with overexpression of the mRen2 gene have impaired baroreflex sensitivity for heart rate control and high nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase and kinase-to-phosphatase signaling activity in medullary tissue compared with normotensive Hannover Sprague-Dawley control rats. They also exhibit insulin resistance at a young age. To determine whe...

provided the original work is properly cited. CC According to recent government statistics report [1], people over 65 years of age comprised 11.8% of the Korean population in the year 2012 and will comprise more than 15% of the total Korean population before the year 2020. In addition, the percentage of the population aged over 65 years is expected to double to ~32.3% by the year 2040 compared ...

Acute aortic dissection (AAD) is a rare and lethal disease with presenting signs and symptoms that can often be seen with other high risk conditions; diagnosis is therefore often delayed or missed. Pain is present in up to 90% of cases and is typically severe at onset. Many patients present with acute on chronic hypertension, but hypotension is an ominous sign, often reflecting hemorrhage or ca...

Sir, we read with great interest the article by Schwarzacher et al. (2011) describing the neuroanatomical characteristics of the human pre-Bötzinger complex and its involvement in multiple system atrophy and spinocerebellar ataxia 3 (SCA3). In this study, the authors provide a thorough analysis of the pre-Bötzinger complex and demonstrate that somatostatin and neurokinin 1 receptor expressing n...

Case Report A 75-year-old female patient with a background of systemic arterial hypertension, chronic atrial fibrillation with an episode of peripheral arterial embolism in the right upper limb and rheumatic valve disease, underwent mitral and aortic valve replacement receiving two mechanical valve prosthesis in combination with left atrial appendage occlusion. Six months after surgery, pharmac...

INTRODUCTION The formation and collapse of vapor-filled bubbles near a mechanical heart valve is called cavitation. Microbubbles can be detected in vivo by doppler ultrasonography (USG) as HITS (high intensity transient signals) in cranial circulation. We investigated the relationship between exercise induced heart rate increase and HITS formation in cranial circulation. MATERIAL AND METHODS ...

UNLABELLED Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in the world. Coronary artery diseases, atrial fibrillation or hypertensive heart disease, are among the most important cardiovascular disorders. Hypertension represents a significant risk factor for cardiovascular mortality; thus, control of high blood pressure has become a priority to prevent major complications. Although the c...