Objective: To investigate and review psychological influences of pain such as kinesiophobia and pain-related fear on patients with musculoskeletal pain and on rehabilitation outcomes. Materials & Methods: Fear is a universal and powerful emotion and, as a result, it can have a profound impact on human behavior. the fear-motivated behavior has the potential to adversely impact rehabilitation ...

 Aims and background: Defensive styles play an important role in intrapersonal and interpersonal experiences. One of the most important experiences is experiencing pain. In previous researches, the relationship between different styles of defense with experience of chronic pain is not clear. So, the aim of this study was to examine the role of developed defense styles, undeveloped ones  and neu...

 Aims and background: chronic pain isn’t always psychosomatic. Chronic pain, is a disorder that has a lot of psychological components and onethat a lot of people have at some point in  their life. The aim of this study was to determine the role meta-cognitive beliefs play in mediating between alexithymia and the intensity of pain that is perceived percipience by the patients with chronic pain. ...

Background and Objective: Non-specific chronic low back pain is the most common type of chronic low back pain. Rehabilitation to achieve a more rapid improvement in patients with chronic low back pain has always been taken into account. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Pilates exercises on pain in female patients with non-specific chronic low back pain. Materials and Methods:...

 Aims and background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of positive psychotherapy on pain self-efficacy and psychosocial inflexibility in women with chronic pain. Materials and methods: Semi-experimental research design was a pre-test and post-test type with control group. The statistical population included all women with chronic pain in Isfahan. The sample size of...

Abstract  Background & Objective: Non-specific chronic low back pain is the most common type of chronic low back pain in today's society and achieving a therapeutic exercise program has always been the focus of improvement in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain. The current study aims at investigating the effects of 4 weeks exercise in the water on the disability, flexibility, and...

Pain is one of the most important and sometimes difficult problems, that patients and physicians are encountered. It may be clinically acute or chronic, acute pain has usually definite cause and favourable response to treatment. On the other hand there are difficulties in diagnosis and management of chronic pain. Peripheral and cranial nerves convey pain impulses toward central nervous system, ...