In this paper, we aresupposed to introduce the definitions of n-fold commutative, andimplicative hyper K-ideals. These definitions are thegeneralizations of the definitions of commutative, andimplicative hyper K-ideals, respectively, which have been definedin [12]. Then we obtain some related results. In particular wedetermine the relationships between n-fold implicative hyperK-ideal and n-fol...

The embryologic origins of choroidal and cutanoeus melanocytes, also of the genes involved in cutaneous and choroidal melanoma, are identical, even the two kinds of tumors are different entities. This is a general scientific report, which stretches the molecular mechanisms, as basement of choroidal melanocytes proliferation.

Since the landmark study by Spaide and colleagues on the development of enhanced depth imaging by optical coherence tomography, an increasing number of studies have addressed choroidal thickness in normal eyes, factors associated with choroidal thickness in normal eyes, and associations of choroidal thickness with various retinal and retinochoroidal disorders. These studies have revealed that m...

PURPOSE To evaluate the validity of a novel fully automated three-dimensional (3D) method capable of segmenting the choroid from two different optical coherence tomography scanners: swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) and spectral-domain OCT (SD-OCT). METHODS One hundred eight subjects were imaged using SS-OCT and SD-OCT. A 3D method was used to segment the choroid and quantify the choroidal thickness ...

Two patients with multifocal choroiditis similar or identical to POHS are presented. Colour photographs and fluorescein angiography document the occurrence of de novo lesions in the originally involved eye. The cases also demonstrate the development of new choroidal lesions within the originally involved eye, the early evolution of the "basic choroidal lesion", and the need for fluorescein angi...

Evolution of an osteoma may result in neurosensory detachment, deossification, and choroidal neovascularization (CNV). The authors report a rare case of choroidal osteoma with CNV associated with a deep non-conforming focal choroidal excavation. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2017;48:944-947.].

Choroidal melanoma is one of the most malignant tumors organ vision, development which associated with risk metastasis and possibility death, indicates relevance search application effective methods treatment this pathology. To date, in choroidal melanoma, preference given to organ-preserving aimed at achieving local control over tumor. One promising techniques photodynamic therapy, a method ba...

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of irreversible blindness. Choroidal structural changes seem to be inevitable in AMD pathogenesis. Our study revealed associated choroidal microstructural changes in AMD eyes.The aim of the study was to compare choroidal microstructural changes in eyes with AMD of different stages.The study was a retrospective, cross-sectional case series....

We studied the possible role of the choroidal circulation in stabilizing the temperature environment of the retina and the retinal pigment epithelium. Temperature measurements were taken from the retina and choroid of the monkey eye while the ambient illumination and choroidal blood flow were varied. The results showed that the choroidal circulation plays a significant role in dissipating heat ...