Many thousands of students take standardized tests every year. In the current research, we asked whether answering standardized test questions affects students' later test performance. Prior research has shown both positive and negative effects of multiple-choice testing on later tests, with negative effects arising from students selecting incorrect alternatives on multiple-choice tests and the...

background: municipal solid waste (msw) is the natural result of human activities. msw generation modeling is of prime im­portance in designing and programming municipal solid waste management system. this study tests the short-term pre­diction of waste generation by artificial neural network (ann) and principal component-regression analysis. methods: two forecasting techniques are presented in...

A popular approach to significance testing proposes to decide whether the given hypothesized statistical model is likely to be true (or false). Statistical decision theory provides a basis for this approach by requiring every significance test to make a decision about the truth of the hypothesis/model under consideration. Unfortunately, many interesting and useful models are obviously false (th...

Usually when performing a statistical test or estimation procedure, we assume the data are all observations of i.i.d. random variables, often from a normal distribution. Sometimes, however, we notice in a sample one or more observations that stand out from the crowd. These observation(s) are commonly called outlier(s). Outlier tests are more formal procedures which have been developed for detec...

    This study investigated the effects of different learning levels, including Remember an Instance (RI), Remember a Generality (RG), and Use a Generality (UG) in multiple-choice and essay tests on immediate and delayed retention. Three-hundred pre-intermediate students participated in the study. Reading passages with multiple-choice and essay questions in different levels of learning were giv...