The formation and subsequent elimination of electrical coupling between neurons has been demonstrated in many developing vertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems. The relationship between the disappearance of electrical synaptic connectivity and the appearance of chemical neurotransmission is not well understood. We report here that identified motoneurons from the snail Helisoma formed trans...

a variety of anthropometric and training characteristics have been identified as predictor variables for race performance in endurance and ultra-endurance athletes. anthropometric characteristics such as skin-fold thicknesses, body fat, circumferences and length of limbs, body mass, body height, and body mass index were bi-variately related to race performance in endurance athletes such as swim...

We demonstrate the feasibility of using a 3-dimensional gold microlattice with a periodic porous structure and independently tunable surface composition as a Li-O2 battery cathode. The structure provides a platform for studying electrochemical reactions in architected Li-O2 electrodes with large (300 μm) pore sizes. The lack of carbon and chemical binders in these Au microlattices enabled the i...

Lakes in temperate regions stratify during summer and winter months, creating distinct layers of water differentiated by their physical and chemical characteristics. When lakes mix in autumn and spring, mercury cycling may be affected by the chemical changes that occur during mixing. Sampling was conducted in Lake Lacawac, Eastern Pennsylvania, USA, throughout the autumn of 2007 to characterize...

Litter decomposition is the main driver of nutrient cycling process in terrestrial ecosystems. Afforestation completely altered vegetation composition and litter species, disrupting long-term carbon balance grassland ecosystem. However, there a lack understanding how mixing effect (LME) affects soil afforested Here, we investigated effects richness quality tree, shrub, grass species their mixtu...

A better control of the metal–electrolyte interface is mandatory to help development rechargeable magnesium batteries. Protecting surface by a coating layer avoid its passivation with conventional liquid electrolytes promising strategy. Herein, in contact mercury droplet, crystalline amalgam created on magnesium. After creation this coating, remarkable improvement plating/stripping process obse...

The cycling performance of nickel-rich lithium nickel cobalt manganese oxide (NMC) electrodes in Li-ion batteries (LIBs) partially depends on the control kinetics degradation processes that result impedance rise. contribution from surface film formation at NMC/electrolyte interfaces is highly dependent initial chemical composition and structure NMC surfaces. Through comparison quantity electroc...