[1] The chemical regimes in the atmosphere of Venus vary from photochemistry in the middle atmosphere to thermal equilibrium chemistry in the lower atmosphere and the surface. Many chemical cycles have been proposed, but few details about these cycles are fully verified by comparison between observations and modeling. Recent high-quality data of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) and CO from ground-based a...

On a chassis of gear model, we have offered a quantitative description for our method to synthesize a chemical clock signal with various duty cycles in Part I. As Part II of the study, this paper devotes itself in proposing a design methodology to handle frequency alteration issues for the chemical clock, including both frequency division and frequency multiplication. Several interesting exampl...

The structural analysis of metabolic networks aims both at understanding the function and the evolution of metabolism. While it is commonly admitted that metabolism is modular, the identification of metabolic modules remains an open topic. Several definitions of what is a module have been proposed. We focus here on the notion of chemical organisations, i.e. sets of molecules which are closed an...

Introduction: Even with the extremely limited data on the deep atmosphere and surface of Venus, it is clear that chemical reactions are vigorous near the surface. The evidence for this are the steep gradients in sub-cloud mixing ratios that have been observed for CO, SO2, OCS and other trace species (Fig. 1). Moreover, due to the high temperatures and pressures at the surface, it is also likely...

Oxygen release from metal oxides at high temperatures is relevant to many thermally activated chemical processes, including chemical-looping combustion, solar thermochemical cycles and energetic thermite reactions. In this study, we evaluated the thermal decomposition of nanosized metal oxides under rapid heating (~10(5) K s(-1)) with time-resolved mass spectrometry. We found that the effective...

The recurrent neural network is a feed-forward network ascribed to a parent neural network with feed-back connections (or in another term, oriented cycles). Its adaptation is performed by an analog of the standard back-propagation adaptation method. The recurrent neural network approach is illustrated by prediction and classification of 13C NMR chemical shifts in a series of monosubstituted ben...

Leukotriene B4 and platelet-activating factor induced a rapidly oscillating actin polymerization/depolymerization response in human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. N-Formylpeptides were deficient in the ability to induce these oscillations. Flow cytometric analysis of filamentous actin verified that all cells were synchronously responding in this cyclic manner. The hypothesis was tested that thes...

BACKGROUND Many chemical agents used in liquid crystal display (LCD) manufacturing have been evaluated in animal studies of female reproductive toxicity. Knowledge of their reproductive toxicity in humans is scant. AIMS To determine the effect of organic solvents on menstrual cycle characteristics of workers in LCD manufacturing. METHODS Cross-sectional study of female premenopausal workers...

In order to maintain their metabolism from an energy source, living cells rely on chains of energy transfer involving functionally identified components and organizations. However, propagation of a sustained energy flux through a cascade of reaction cycles has only been recently reproduced at a steady state in simple chemical systems. As observed in living cells, the spontaneous onset of energy...

-This paper reviews some leading novel energy conversion approaches which are aimed at improving power generation efficiency and/or reducing harmful emissions. Some of the concepts used for cycle improvement are higher top temperatures, improved combustion systems, evasion of the Carnot limit by integration with fuel cells and direct nuclear energy conversion to power (the nuclear generator), r...