there are two different contradictory approach regarding the interaction of the state immunity and jus cogens. some jurist argue that jus cogens rules should prevail over other inconsistent ordinary rules of international law including state immunity. this argument therefore depends upon the existence of conflict between rules of jus cogens, and the rule of customary law which requires one stat...

This paper presents a self-contained new theory of weak fractional differential calculus in one-dimension. The crux this is the introduction derivative notion which natural generalization integer order derivatives; it also helps to unify multiple existing definitions and characterize what functions are fractionally differentiable. Various rules including fundamental theorem calculus, product ch...

In this paper, Burr-type XII ̄X synthetic schemes are proposed as an alternative to the classical ̄X synthetic schemes when the assumption of normality fails to hold. First, the basic design of the Burr-type XII ̄X synthetic scheme is developed and its performance investigated using exact formulae. Secondly, the non-side-sensitive and side-sensitive Burr-type XII ̄X synthetic schemes are int...

drug addiction is a major social, economic, and hygienic challenge that impacts on all the community and needs serious threat. available treatments are successful only in short-term unless underlying reasons making individuals prone to the phenomenon are not investigated. nowadays, there are some treatment centers which have comprehensive information about addicted people. therefore, given the ...

We present two new results regarding damage spreading in ferromagnetic Ising models. First, we show that a damage spreading transition can occur in an Ising chain that evolves in contact with a thermal reservoir. Damage heals at low temperature and spreads at high T . The dynamic rules for the system’s evolution for which such a transition is observed are as legitimate as the conventional rules...

This paper applies type-based Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) algorithms to the problem of learning Synchronous Context-Free Grammar (SCFG) rules from a forest that represents all possible rules consistent with a fixed word alignment. While type-based MCMC has been shown to be effective in a number of NLP applications, our setting, where the tree structure of the sentence is itself a hidden var...