The possibility of producing bainite at low temperatures by suppressing transformation using substitutional solutes has been investigated, as an alternative to using large carbon concentrations to achieve the same purpose. It is found that although transformation temperatures can indeed be suppressed in this way, the difference between the bainite and martensite start temperatures diminishes. T...

l13Cd NMR measurements in two Ag-Cd samples cycled between room temperature and temperatures below M, are presented. The growth curve of the martensite on cooling presents a discontinuity in the cycling temperature region. It is shown that the method of analysis of the NMR data recently developed by us [Phys.Rev.B 46, 10563 (1992)], allows to detect subtle memory effects and the absolute determ...

The toughness of martensitic steels is strongly related to their fine and complex morphologies. To control the steels, effect carbon content on morphology lath martensite must be studied. However, these morphological changes are difficult clarify using conventional two-dimensional observations because morphologies tangled. Previously, we analysed reported three-dimensional microstructures ultra...

This paper designs a mathematical model for supply chain network design problem including plants, distributors and customers in fuzzy environment. Each plant and distributor has several levels capacities. A multi-mode demand strategy is considered for the customers where only one of the modes is to be selected for each customer. Considering the acceptance degree of fuzzy constraints violated, a...

The microstructure of a Co38Ni33Al29 FSMA was determined by conventional transmission electron microscopy, electron diffraction studies together with advanced microscopy techniques and in-situ Lorentz microscopy. 10 to 60 nm sized rod-like precipitates of hcp ǫ-Co were confirmed to be present by HRTEM. The orientation relationship between the precipitates and B2 matrix is described by the Burge...

A new experimental approach is used to quantify the full field heterogeneous strain accommodation associated with martensitic phase transformation in Nickel–Titanium at the microstructural length scale. Local deformation measures were matched with underlying microstructural characteristics obtained by EBSD, providing point-by-point correlation between transformation extent and microstructure. I...

The author have developed a new SCC test method that enables the super Kelvin force microscope (SKFM) and the Kelvin force microscope (KFM) observations. By using this test device, the crack tip deformation and surface potential distribution were observed on SUS310S stainless steel by SKFM and KFM. At the same time, the distribution of hydrogen was examined by the Ag decoration method with the ...

The stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of stainless steel is one of the biggest problems for maintaining atomic power and chemical plants. However the mechanism has not been solved because of difficulty in observing hydrogen movement. In order to solve this problem, the author has developed a new SCC test method that enables the super Kelvin force microscope (SKFM) and the Kelvin force microscope ...

Thermal strain, permeability, and magnetization measurements of the ferromagnetic shape memory alloys Ni50+xMn27-xGa23 (x = 2.0, 2.5, 2.7) were performed. For x = 2.7, in which the martensite transition and the ferromagnetic transition occur at the same temperature, the martensite transition starting temperature TMs shift in magnetic fields around a zero magnetic field was estimated to be dTMs/...