Biodiesel is usually produced from food-grade vegetable oil using trans-esterification process. As an effective factor on the biodiesel characteristics of the biodiesel is the kind of feedstock which is used, so finding a proper feedstock for using initially has an important role for different places. So, in this research, disposal substances of Capparis Spinosa are used as a feedstock for prod...

ewline"> Castor (Ricinus communis L.) is an oilseed species, which in southern Italy iscultivated as annual during the spring-summer period under irrigation, but in mosttemperate areas such as those of eastern coast of Sicily, it could be grown as semiperennial with no irrigation, by the adoption of autumnal sowings. A fieldexperiment was conducted in southeastern Sicily with the aim of assessi...

This paper presents a new approach to the formulation of fuel surrogates in application gasoline, diesel, and their biofuel blends (including biodiesel/diesel ethanol/gasoline). approach, described as ‘Complex Fuel Surrogates Model (CFSM)’, is based on modified version Multi-Dimensional Quasi-Discrete (MDQDM). The aimed reduce full composition much smaller number components mass fractions formu...

Intervention: Antidepressant medication for 6 months (paroxetine 10–50 mg per day, or buproprion for participants not tolerating paroxetine or not improving after 9 weeks of paroxetine); cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for 8 weeks (weekly group or individual sessions; followed by 8 further sessions for non-improvers; participant and therapist manuals adapted from a programme specifically fo...

Euclid pioneered the concept of a mathematical theory developed from axioms by series justified proof steps. From outset there were critics and improvers. In this century use computers to check proofs for correctness sets new standard rigor. How does stand up under such an examination? And what exercise have teach us about geometry, foundations, relation logic truth?

Biodiesel is known for its high cetane number and oxygen content among other advantages, but viscosity density are not trivial issues fuel flow atomization, especially under idling conditions. Due to low cylinder temperature incomplete combustion, engine one of the worst operating As a common additive, ethanol can address some shortcomings biodiesel. This work evaluated combustion emission char...

Core cross-linked star (CCS) copolymers were prepared by reversible addition–fragmentation chain-transfer polymerization according to the arm-first technique and studied as viscosity index improvers for application in hydraulic lubricants. A one-pot two-step synthetic procedure was optimized: starting from PMA arms with a precisely controlled structure three different molecular weights using am...

Engine oils are widely used for lubrication purposes in automobile and related industries. Viscosity Index (VI) improver has found its largest commercial applications as additives to engine oils. Examples are power steering fluid, aircraft piston engine oils, modern internal-combustion engines, turbine engine oils (stationary and aircraft), and industrial gear oils. Viscosity Index improvers ar...