Considering the scattering of massless open strings attached to a D2-brane living in the B field background, we show that corresponding scattering upto the order of α ′2 is exactly given by the gauge theory on noncommutative background, which is characterized by the Moyal bracket. 1 Introduction After the novel work of Witten [1], it was realized that the low energy dynamics of open

A covariant formalism for Moyal deformations of gauge theory and differential equations which determine Seiberg-Witten maps is presented. Replacing the ordinary product of functions by the noncommutative Moyal product, noncommutative versions of integrable models can be constructed. We explore how a Seiberg-Witten map acts in such a framework. As a specific example, we consider a noncommutative...

A Moyal deformation of a Clifford Cl(3, 1) Gauge Theory of (Conformal) Gravity is performed for canonical noncommutativity (constant Θ parameters). In the very special case when one imposes certain constraints on the fields, there are no first order contributions in the Θ parameters to the Moyal deformations of Clifford gauge theories of gravity. However, when one does not impose constraints on...

This paper discusses Penrose spin networks in relation to the bracket polynomial.

A Z-graded Lie bracket { , }P on the exterior algebra Ω(M) of differential forms, which is an extension of the Poisson bracket of functions on a Poisson manifold (M,P ), is found. This bracket is simultaneously graded skew-symmetric and satisfies the graded Jacobi identity. It is a kind of an ‘integral’ of the Koszul-Schouten bracket [ , ]P of differential forms in the sense that the exterior d...

We show that based on the mathematics of Markow processes and in particular based on the definition of Kramers-Moyal coefficients it is possible to estimate the deterministic part of the dynamics for a broad class of nonlinear noisy systems. In particular we show that for different kinds of noise perturbations, including non Langevin force with finite correlation time and independent measuremen...

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the DNA damage caused by ceramic bracket (Clear II, SIA Orthodontic Manufacturer Srl, Italy) on human buccal mucosal cells using comet assay and mutagenicity orthodontic bonding system (Transbond XT; 3M Unitek) Ames test. Methods: In study, twenty patients were recruited from Specialist Clinic, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia. Buccal ce...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bond strength of the laser-etched base bracket, site of bond failure, and evaluate for enamel remnants on the bracket base after debonding, when compared to foil mesh base bracket. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty noncarious, human premolar extracted for the orthodontic treatment were used for this study. The teeth we...

Orthodontic torque expression is the result of axial rotation of rectangular archwires within a rectangular bracket slot. This study investigates the effect of bracket material on torque expression. Torque exerted by a rotating archwire on each bracket will be measured as well as the relative deformation of each bracket slot. A total of 60 tests were performed where archwires were rotated withi...