Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in children is a common disorder, with prevalence estimates of approximately 1-2%. Furthermore, premature infants and children with other conditions including craniofacial disorders, obesity, neuromuscular disorders, Down syndrome, chronic lung disease, sickle cell anemia, central hypoventilation syndromes, and a number of other genetic and metabolic dise...

Behavioral issues are a frequent problem in the pediatric population. Often, these are evaluated and considered to be psychiatric in origin. We report on a pediatric patient who presented with severe behavioral disturbance and developed organic symptoms including hypoventilation and dysautonomia and who was ultimately diagnosed with ROHHADNET syndrome, a syndrome of rapid-onset obesity, hypotha...

The homeobox 11L2 gene (HOX11L2, TLX-3, Rnx) encodes a transcription factor and constitutes together with the HOX11 (TLX) and HOX11L1 (TLX-1, Enx) genes a distinct family of orphan homeobox genes (Kennedy et al., 1991; Roberts et al., 1994; Shirasawa et al., 1997, 2000). In the chick and mouse embryo HOX11L2 is expressed within cranial sensory ganglia, neural crest-derived dorsal root and sympa...