We followed adaptation in experimental microbial populations to inhibitory concentrations of an antimicrobial drug. The evolution of drug resistance was accompanied in all cases by changes in gene expression that persisted in the absence of the drug; the new patterns of gene expression were constitutive. The changes in gene expression occurred in four replicate populations of the pathogenic fun...

T cells are known to cross-react with diverse peptide MHC Ags through their alphabeta TCR. To explore the basis of such cross-reactivity, we examined the 2C TCR that recognizes two structurally distinct ligands, SIY-K(b) and alloantigen QL9-L(d). In this study we characterized the cross-reactivity of several high-affinity 2C TCR variants that contained mutations only in the CDR3alpha loop. Two ...

Azole resistance in Candida albicans can be mediated by several resistance mechanisms. Among these, alterations of the azole target enzyme and the overexpression of multidrug efflux transporter genes are the most frequent. To identify additional putative azole resistance genes in C. albicans, a genomic library from this organism was screened for complementation of fluconazole hypersusceptibilit...

Antibody-staining experiments have shown that closely related members of the TCRAV3 family are reciprocally selected into the CD4 or CD8 peripheral T cell subsets. This has been attributed to the individual AV3 members interacting preferentially with either MHC class I or MHC class II molecules. Single amino acid residues present in the complementarity-determining regions (CDR) CDR1alpha and CD...

VH region amino acid sequences are described for five A/J anti-p-azophenylarsonate (anti-Ars) hybridoma antibodies for which the VL region sequences have previously been determined, thus completing the V domain sequences of these molecules. These antibodies all belong to the family designated Ars-A which bears the major anti-arsonate cross-reactive idiotype (CRI) of the A strain mouse. However,...

In this paper we study discretizations of the general pantograph equation y'(t) = ay(t) + by(6(t)) + cy'((t)), f>0, y(0)=y0, where a , b , c , and yo are complex numbers and where 9 and <¡> are strictly increasing functions on the nonnegative reals with 0(0) = <^>(0) = 0 and 8(t) < t, 4>(t) < t for positive /. Our purpose is an analysis of the stability of the numerical solution with trapezo...

Experimental studies of human rotavirus infections in mice are limited and there is lack of information on the quantitative assessment of rotaviral replication and its relationship with histological changes. In the present study, consequences of human rotavirus strain, YO induced gastroenteritis in infant BALB/c mice were analyzed for the occurrence of clinical symptoms, histopathology and viro...

Abstract Background &amp; Significance VHHs are small and stable fragments that have great potential as therapeutics due to their size, stability, versatility, for oral administration. The traditional source of is camelids, but humanization usually needed therapeutic development. A human VHH library highly desirable the generation VHHs, natural VH domains unstable standalone units. We developed...