We tested the hypothesis that causality analysis, applied to the spontaneous beat-to-beat variability of heart period (HP) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP), can identify the improvement of autonomic control linked to plantar mechanical stimulation in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). A causality index, measuring the strength of the association from SAP to HP variability, and derived a...

We tested the hypothesis that causality analysis, applied to the spontaneous beat-to-beat variability of heart period (HP) and systolic arterial pressure (SAP), can identify the improvement of autonomic control linked to plantar mechanical stimulation in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD). A causality index, measuring the strength of the association from SAP to HP variability, and derived a...

the environmental degradation increase during recent years, has proposed the investigation of economic activities and environmental indicators relation. mostly a unidirectional causality from economic activities to pollution is assumed. while the direction of causality between pollution and economic growth has specific policy implications, presumption of this direction may influence the nature ...

Causality plays an important role in giving discourse its characteristic coherence. This paper examines how causality implicit in an utterance helps to organize dynamically constructed mental models of discourse. Experiments are reported suggesting that the linguistic form of utterances contributes significant semantic information about causality to a discourse representation. This view is cont...

Background: One of the most fundamental objectives of the macroeconomic policies is to realize the relationship between economic growth and inflation. According to some monetary policy advisors, inflation reflects erosion in consumer’s purchasing power. Inflation as an important economic variable, affect the economic growth and its impact on economic growth has been proposed in various theories...

T his study evaluates the causality relationship between human capital and foreign direct investment inflow in twenty-six OIC (the Organization of Islamic Cooperation) countries over the period 1970–2014. We employed the panel Granger non-causality testing approach of Kònya (2006) that is based on seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) systems, and Wald tests with country specific boot...

The pervasive role of telecommunications in contemporary commerce is well documented, and has dramatically increased the demand for services. Across the world, countries are seeking to improve telecommunications infrastructure and benefit from anticipated increases in economic activity, and a causal relation between the two is often tacitly assumed. This paper analyzes aggregate data at the nat...

Space, time, and causality provide a natural structure for organizing our experience. These abstract categories allow us to think relationally in the most basic sense; understanding simple events requires one to represent the spatial relations among objects, the relative durations of actions or movements, and the links between causes and effects. The present fMRI study investigates the extent t...

The causality relation of special relativity is based on the assumption that the speed of all physical processes is limited by the speed of light. As a result, an event (t, x) occurring at moment t at location x can influence an event (y, s) if and only if s ≥ t+ d(x, y) c . We can simplify this formula if we use units of time and distance in which c = 1 (e.g., by using a light second as a unit...

The causality relation of special relativity is based on the assumption that the speed of all physical processes is limited by the speed of light. As a result, an event (t, x) occurring at moment t at location x can influence an event (y, s) if and only if s ≥ t+ d(x, y) c . We can simplify this formula if we use units of time and distance in which c = 1 (e.g., by using a light second as a unit...