In this paper, we examine the behavior of internal Kelvin waves on an f-plane in finitedifference models using the Arakawa C-grid. The dependence of Kelvin wave phase speed on offshore grid resolution and propagation direction relative to the numerical grid is illustrated by numerical experiments for three different geometries: (1) Kelvin wave propagating along a straight coastline; (2) Kelvin ...

We appreciate this opportunity to (i) clarify the simulation of surface winds at landfall of Hurricane Andrew (1992) as reported in Liu et al. (1997, hereafter referred to as LZY); (ii) make more detailed comparisons with one of the most sophisticated surface analyses of a landfallen hurricane by Powell and Houston (1996, hereafter referred to as PH96); and (iii) present the simulated winds at ...

Development of forecasting systems for harmful algal blooms (HABs) has been a long-standing research and management goal. Significant progress has been made in the Gulf of Maine, where seasonal bloom forecasts are now being issued annually using Alexandrium fundyense cyst abundance maps and a population dynamics model developed for that organism. Thus far, these forecasts have used terms such a...

Researchers have previously reported that hazard proximity can influence risk perception among individuals exposed to potential hazards. Understanding this relationship among coastline communities at risk of flood events caused by storms and/or tsunamis, is important because hazard proximity, should be recognized when planning and implementing preparation and mitigation actions against these ev...

iran is a vast land of geographically specific features and the climate is quite different. each year a number of times, short intense rains caused flooding in various parts of the southern coast of the caspian sea and river flood malicious conduct is falling. the rainfall intensity is greater and more destructive floods caused heavy damage. severe flooding during the brutal summer precipitatio...

The e€ect of viscosity, non linearities, incident wave period and realistic eastern coastline geometry on energy ̄uxes are investigated using a shallow water model with a spatial resolution of 1/4 degree in both meridional and zonal directions. Equatorial and mid-latitude responses are considered. It is found that (1) the in ̄uence of the coastline geometry and the incident wave period is more i...

Background: Marine radar simulator is a useful approach endorsed by International Maritime Organization (IMO) to train the seafarers on how to operate marine radar equipment and use marine radar equipment for positioning and collision avoidance in laboratory. To fulfill all of the marine radar simulator training requirements, a high performance simulator is necessary. However, imperfections wit...

We investigate through numerical simulations of a simple sea-coast mechanical erosion model, the effect of spatial long-range correlations in the lithology of coastal landscapes on the fractal behavior of the corresponding coastlines. In the model, the resistance of a coast section to erosion depends on the local lithology configuration as well as on the number of neighboring sea sides. For wea...

Introduction Perhaps, the most exciting equine discovery of the 20th century was that the Caspian is not a pony, but an ancient breed of miniature horse, previously believed to have been extinct for over a thousand years. These animals native of the areas around the Elborz Mountains and Caspian Sea in Iran, are extremely rare and were rescued from extinction in 1965 by an American L.FIROUSE [11...