background: mastitis is an important health disorder in dairy herds which affects milk production, animal reproduction and production. objectives: the aim of this study was to estimate the cumulative incidence of mastitis in dairy herds in tehran province.  methods: from 679 dairy herds in tehran province that have more than 50 animals, 32 dairy herds were selected randomly and animals that had...

Recently it has been reported, that immunoglobulin Y (IgY) can be used instead of polyclonal antibodies extracted from mammals (IgG) for the purpose of diagnosis and therapy. These antibodies are found to have better properties in terms of specificity and ease of large-scale production. In addition, IgY binds neither to mammalian complement or Fc-receptors nor does it interfere with rheumatoid ...

growing usage of animals in the research projects has drawn more attention to their welfare and ethics surrounding this practice. dissemination of information about the existing ethical consideration and alternatives in animal experiments has two important functions; first, it increases the researcher's awareness of the possible methods of using animals in the experiment, and second, to ensure ...

background: heavy metals contaminated environment constitutes a serious problem for human and other organisms. moreover, metals such as cd, pb, and cr are toxic metals. therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluation of cd, pb, and cr in the muscle of cow, calf, and sheep slaughtered in sanandaj city from iran. methods: this was a descriptive cross-sectional study in sanandaj city in nov...

Tajikistan is a hotspot of plant and animal species diversity and endemism andis important for the conservation of biodiversity on a global scale. The country is located ata biological crossroads. Species from Central and Northern Europe, Central Asia, theMiddle East, and North Africa mingle here with endemics found nowhere else. Therichness of Tajikistan‘s biodiversity shows up at the genetic,...

The animal kingdom contains species with a wide variety of sensory systems that have been selected to function in different environmental niches, but that are also subject to modification by experience during an organism's lifetime. The modification of such systems by experience is often called perceptual learning. In rodents, the classic example of perceptual learning is the observation that s...

Many factors influence the physiological stress response to fisheries capture in elasmobranchs. However, the influence of sea surface temperatures (SST) and behaviour are unknown and crucial considering global fishing pressures. We investigated the effect of SST and behaviour on the physiological stress response to capture of the gummy shark, Mustelus antarcticus, and compared our results to a ...

Nowadays, honeypots are widely used to divert attackers from the original target and keep them busy within a decoy environment. DeMilitarized Zone (DMZ) is an important zone for network administrators, because many of the services to the public network is provided at this zone. Many of the security tools such as firewalls, intrusion detection systems and several other secu...

Background: Boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) is a binary radiotherapy combining biochemical targeting with neutron irradiation. However, monitoring the boron distribution is a fundamental problem in BNCT. Prompt gamma rays emitted by boron capture reaction can be used to address the issue. Materials and Methods: The general-purpose Monte Carlo toolkits Geant4 and MCNP were used for the simu...