In several US states, the legalisation of euthanasia has become a question for voters to decide in public referenda. This democratic approach in politics is consistent with notions of personal autonomy in medicine, but the right of choice does not mean all choices are morally equal. A presumption against the taking of human life is embedded in the formative moral traditions of society; human li...

This paper describes how entrepreneurial firms can use superior architectural knowledge to open up a technical system to gain strategic advantage. The strategy involves, first, identifying “bottlenecks” in the existing system, and then creating a new open architecture that isolates the bottlenecks in modules and allows others to connect to the system at key interfaces. An entrepreneurial firm w...

capital asset pricing, as one of the basic theories in finance and investment area, develop a model for estimation of expected rate of return and equity cost of capital. this model has many applications in the field of finance. one of anomalies in the capital asset pricing model is the value premium that its proponents believe this risk premium is compensation for a risk not mentioned in origin...

background: moving toward progress in every country starts from universities. intellectual capital is a very strong theory that all knowledge-based organizations can utilize to improve their efficacy and productivity.  the purpose of this research was to evaluate the structural equation modeling of knowledge conversion process upon intellectual capital components in public universities of isfah...

In this paper, we discuss the implications of financing constraints for future energy and climate scenarios. Aspirations to improve energy access and electrification rates in developing countries, while simultaneously reducing greenhouse gas emissions, can be seriously hindered by the availability of low-cost capital for the necessary investments. We first provide a brief description of the the...

A major impact on both financial theory and the practice of financial decision making has been the economic instability, especially in prices, evidenced in the U.S. economy since the mid 1960’s. Inflation in the past few years has not been a major macro economic problem, but its spectere, as demonstrated by the Fed’s recent increases in interest rates, is never for the agendas of financial deci...

This paper examines the link between capital market governance (CMG) and several key measures of market performance. Using detailed data from individual stock exchanges, we develop a composite CMG index that captures three dimensions of security laws: the degree of earnings opacity, the enforcement of insider laws, and the effect of removing short-selling restrictions. We find that improvements...

We develop a case study planning process by using a strategy for balancing reservoir uncertainties (rock properties), optimum field development scenario (rate schedule and start time) and associated risks in the capital expenditures (price inflation and discount factor). The objective of this development is to recover dry gas reserves from five recently discovered fields in the most cost-effici...

This paper extends the Q-theory of investment to capital goods with arbitrary efficiency profiles. When is non-geometric, firm’s stock and replacement cost its assets are fundamentally different aggregates history. If have constant over a finite useful life, simple proxies readily available for both in place stock. Under this assumption, we decompose total rate along two dimensions: into net co...