Zakat campaigns have taken place from time to in various phases of muslim history. The zakat campaign has been said be effective, but evidence Indonesia shows that the literacy communities is not yet high, they also tend choose distribute directly, and there a wide gap between potential reality collection. This study aims examine determinants influence success digital campaign, consisting conte...

Scholars tend to present either face-to-face or mediatised audiences as the principal target for election campaign rallies. However, a close eye on staging of, and popular engagement with, rallies during Kenya's 2022 elections reveals that they constituted hybrid form of political communication simultaneously targeted with tailored messages. Not only were at all levels characterised by such hyb...

Abstract Concerns about the use of online political microtargeting (OPM) by campaigners have arisen since Cambridge Analytica scandal hit international arena. In addition to providing conceptual clarity on OPM and explore such techniques in Europe, this paper seeks empirically disentangle differing behaviours when they message citizens through microtargeted rather than non-targeted campaigning....

Online social media are rapidly complementing and even replacing person-to-person social contacts. The broadcast model of traditional mass media as channels for the diffusion of information is equally losing traction. As a result, online social networks and media have become a crucial turf on which public relations, marketing, and political battles are fought. Viral messages and political smear...

At this time of uncertainty, viral marketing is emerging as one of the most intriguing communication strategies, due to low cost and the results it obtains. However, the success of this kind of practice depends on a range of factors including what we explore and refer to in the present research as the individual’s ‘‘viral dynamics’’. We thus propose a causal model in which viral dynamics is det...

We study the problem of identifying botnets and the IP addresses which they comprise, based on the observation of a fraction of the global email spam traffic. Observed mailing campaigns constitute evidence for joint botnet membership, they are represented by cliques in the graph of all messages. No evidence against an association of nodes is ever available. We reduce the problem of identifying ...