BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of a botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection in the masseter muscle using electromyography (EMG) in an animal model. METHODS Ten male adult (>3 months of age) New Zealand white rabbits were used. Muscle activity was continuously recorded from 8 hours before to 8 hours after BTX-A injection. The rabbits received unilateral BTX-A i...

OBJECTIVE The objective was to demonstrate that botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) can be delivered to targeted skin sites with topical application for the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis. METHODS This randomized, blinded, vehicle-controlled study enrolled 12 patients with primary axillary hyperhidrosis with greater than 50 mg of sweat produced per 5 minutes. BTX-A (200 U), combined w...

OBJECTIVE To identify factors predicting improvement in motor disability in writer's cramp treated with botulinum toxin (BTX). METHODS 47 patients with writer's cramp were treated with BTX and were evaluated by the same neurologists at initial referral, after each BTX injection, and when the effect of BTX was maximal at the time of the study. Patients and examiners simultaneously and independ...

The purpose of this study was to analyze the health-related quality of life (HRQL) of patients with cervical dystonia (CD) and the impact of botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) therapy in these patients. The authors recruited 101 patients with CD, all previously treated with BTX-A. Both before and 4 weeks after injection of BTX-A the patients were assessed using the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis ...

Facial ageing is a gradual process which could be due to intrinsic and extrinsic causes, it ultimately results in the appearance of gravity-induced tissue ptosis, wrinkles, epidermal and dermal atrophy, dryness, senile lentigo, flushing, telangiectasia, and enlarged pores. Mesobotox treatment is a technique of microinjections of diluted Botulinum toxin type A (BTX) to preserve the facial mobili...

BACKGROUND With the increasing interest with botulinum toxin--A (BTX-A) application in the lower urinary tract, we investigated the BTX-A effects on the canine prostate and also in men with bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) due to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS Transperineal injection into the prostate using transrectal ultrasound (TRUS) was performed throughout the study. Saline ...

PURPOSE The purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis that combination therapy of serial cast and botulinum toxin type A (BTX-A) injection can further enhance the effects of a BTX-A injection in ambulant children with cerebral palsy (CP) who have an equinus foot. MATERIALS AND METHODS Children in group A (30 legs of 21 children) received a serial casting application after an injection o...

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS In patients with achalasia, intrasphincteric injection of botulinum toxin (BTX) has been suggested as an alternative regimen to balloon dilation and has been shown to be superior to placebo injection. The aim of the present study was to test the effectiveness, the long-term outcome and the cumulative costs of BTX injection in consecutive patients with symptomatic achal...

A structural model of the rNav1.4 Na+ channel with batrachotoxin (BTX) bound within the inner cavity suggested that the BTX pyrrole moiety is located between a lysine residue at the DEKA selectivity filter (Lys1237) and an adjacent phenylalanine residue (Phe1236). We tested this pyrrole-binding model by site-directed mutagenesis of Phe1236 at D3/P-loop with 11 amino acids. Mutants F1236D and F1...

Five aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, and three isomeric xylenes) were monitored in indoor and outdoor air of 7 public buildings and 54 private homes, located in Barcelona City metropolitan area and in several rural areas of Catalonia. The sampling was carried out over four periods: spring-summer and winter of 2000, and summer and winter of 2001. Passive ORSA 5 Dräger samplers were used...