Using magnetic resonance imaging and well-validated computational cortical pattern matching methods in a large and well-matched sample of healthy subjects, we analyzed the effects of gender on regional gray matter (GM) concentration across the cortex. To clarify discrepancies in previous reports, we also examined sexual dimorphisms for whole-brain tissue volumes with and without controlling for...

To examine the association between dietary habits, cognitive functioning and brain volumes in older individuals, data from 194 cognitively healthy individuals who participated in the Prospective Investigation of the Vasculature in Uppsala Seniors cohort were used. At age 70, participants kept diaries of their food intake for 1week. These records were used to calculate a Mediterranean diet (MeDi...

OBJECTIVE Alcohol use disorders (defined as DSM-IV alcohol dependence or abuse) are prevalent and serious problems among adolescents. As adolescence is marked by progressive hippocampal development, this brain region may be particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of adolescent alcohol use disorders. This study compared the hippocampal volumes of adolescents and young adults with adolesc...

background: the role of nitric oxide (no) of endothelial or neuronal origins in cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injuries are far from being settled, extending from being important to not having any role at all.    objective: to investigate the role of no of endothelial and neuronal origins in ischemia/reperfusion injuries in focal cerebral ischemia, l-name, a non selective no synthase inhibit...

Regional brain volumes derived from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from 10 youths with early onset conduct disorder and 10 healthy controls matched for age, sex and handedness were compared to determine whether prefrontal or temporal lobe brain volumes differed in the two groups. Right temporal lobe and right temporal gray matter volumes were significantly reduced in subjects with condu...

Radiotherapy dose calculation requires accurate Computed Tomography (CT) imaging while tissue delineation may necessitate the use of contrast agents (CA). Acquiring these two sets is a common practice in radiotherapy. This study aims to evaluate effect CA on calculations. Two hundred and twenty-six volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) patients that had planning CT with (CCT) non-contrast (NC...

CONTEXT While the neuroanatomical basis of autism is not yet known, evidence suggests that brain enlargement may be characteristic of this disorder. Inferences about the timing of brain enlargement have recently come from studies of head circumference (HC). OBJECTIVES To examine brain volume and HC in individuals with autism as compared with control individuals. DESIGN A cross-sectional stu...

BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common degenerative neurological disorders among elderly people, and is associated with progressive cerebral atrophy. AD is characterized by deterioration of the memory, difficulties with language, alterations in behavior and dysfunction in daily activities. OBJECTIVES The purpose of the present study was to measure the total volumes of d...

BACKGROUND Although schizophrenia has been associated with abnormalities in brain anatomy, imaging studies have not fully determined the nature and relative contributions of gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) disturbances underlying these findings. We sought to determine the pattern and distribution of these GM and WM abnormalities. Furthermore, we aimed to clarify the contribution of abnor...

OBJECTIVE To determine whether preterm very low birth weight (VLBW) or term born small for gestational age (SGA) adolescents have reduced regional brain volumes. We also asked which perinatal factors are related to reduced brain volume in VLBW adolescents, which regional brain volumes are associated with cognitive and perceptual functioning, and if these differ between the groups. STUDY DESIG...