The 'expensive tissue hypothesis' predicts a size trade-off between the brain and other energetically costly organs. A specific version of this hypothesis, the 'expensive sexual tissue hypothesis', argues that selection for larger testes under sperm competition constrains brain size evolution. We show here that there is no general evolutionary trade-off between brain and testis mass in mammals....

The taxonomic status of the small bodied hominin, Homo floresiensis, remains controversial. One contentious aspect of the debate concerns the small brain size estimated for specimen LB1 (Liang Bua 1). Based on intraspecific mammalian allometric relationships between brain and body size, it has been argued that the brain of LB1 is too small for its body mass and is therefore likely to be patholo...

This prospective study included four dog groups (group A: healthy dogs, B: dogs with idiopathic epilepsy under antiepileptic medication (AEM), C: without AEM administration, D: structural epilepsy). The purpose of the was to compare proteomic profile among groups. Samples were analyzed by a quantitative Tandem Mass Tags approach using Q-Exactive-Plus mass-spectrometer. Identification and relati...

In his letter addressing our recent paper (1), Skoyles (2) rightfully notes that growth expenditure is a small fraction of what the brain requires at the ages of slowest human body growth during childhood. We are puzzled by the suggestion that this fact challenges the premise of our interpretation, as this is precisely the observation that motivated our study. The point of our analysis was to e...

The size of the vertebrate brain is shaped by a variety of selective forces. Although larger brains (correcting for body size) are thought to confer fitness advantages, energetic limitations of this costly organ may lead to trade-offs, for example as recently suggested between sexual traits and neural tissue. Here, we examine the patterns of selection on male and female brain size in pinnipeds,...

Brain stem glioma is one of the diseases CNS. It brain and spinal cord tumor. a type tumor caused when healthy cells in change increase abnormally forms mass that called as This may be malignant. grows spread other parts body. Glioma tumor, it from glial cell supportive brain. A 13 year old male patient presented neurology ward with chief complaint difficulty chewing swallowing food, drooping f...