background: hadron therapy for malignant tumor is becoming increasingly popular. there are many factors which effect on implementation of a proper treatment planning. the purpose of this work is to investigate the inhomogeneity effects as affecting factor on proton range, full width at half maximum (fwhm) and 20% position of penumbra (p20) by mcnpx code. materials and methods: an inhomogeneous ...

We report a study of the peak-effect phase diagram of a strongly disordered type-II superconductor V-21 at. %Ti using ac magnetic susceptibility and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). In this system, the peak effect appears only at fields higher than 3.4 T. The sample is characterized by strong atomic disorder. Vortex states with field-cooled thermal histories show that both deep in the mix...

Magnetization measurements with the magnetic field parallel to the c-axis were performed on overdoped Bi2¡ xPbxSr2CaCu2O8+ ± single crystals. Different from undoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+ ± single crystal, a pronounced anomalous peak with maximum peak field over 5000 G can be observed in enlarging temperature window from 0.2Tc to 0.9Tc; both the anomalous magnetization peak H2p and the sharp onset of t...

We use fast silicon detectors and the sampling method originally developed for high energy physics two applications: cosmic ray measurements in collaboration with NASA dose during flash beam cancer treatment. The measurement will benefit from to measure Bragg peak where particle stops detector is performed by counting number of particles that enter detector.

If neutron stars have a thin atomic crystalline–iron crust, they must diffract X-rays of appropriate wavelength. So that the diffracted beam is visible from Earth, the illuminating source must be very intense and near the reflecting star. An example is a binary system with two neutron stars, one of them inert, the other an X-ray pulsar, in close orbit. The observable to be searched for is a sec...

Based on the well-known electron coherent tunneling phenomenon, by simulation, a photonic tunneling filter fabricated in an optical waveguide is proposed. The Bragg grating structure is applied as the photonic barrier. Two photonic barriers confine a coherent resonance cavity or photon-quantum-well. We report an asymmetric-barrier structure with opposite phase. In this configuration, the centra...

The weak pixel counts surrounding the Bragg spots in a diffraction image are important for establishing a model of the background underneath the peak and estimating the reliability of the integrated intensities. Under certain circumstances, particularly with equipment not optimized for low-intensity measurements, these pixel values may be corrupted by corrections applied to the raw image. This ...

A simple analytical model is found that predicts the exact proton spectrum needed to obtain a spread-out-Bragg peak (SOBP) distribution for laser-accelerated proton beams. The theory is based on the solution to the Boltzmann kinetic equation for the proton distribution function. The resulting analytical expression allows one to calculate the SOBP proton energy spectra for the different beamlet ...

The deconvolution of a single Gaussian kernel is extended to a sum of Gaussian kernels with positive coefficients (case 1) and to a Mexican hat (case 2). In case 1 the normalization requires the sum of the normalized Gaussian kernels to be always 1, i.e. c0 + c1 + c2 + · · · = 1. Each coefficient satisfies ck > 0. In case 2 (Mexican hat) the properties c0 + c1 = 1 with c0 > 1and c1 < 0 hold; c1...

We demonstrate experimentally the compression of optical pulses, spectrally broadened by self-phase modulation occurring in the rod of a mode-locked Q-switched YLF laser, with an unchirped, apodized fiber Bragg grating in transmission. The compression is due to the strong dispersion of the Bragg grating at frequencies close to the edge of the photonic bandgap, in the passband, where the transmi...