Botulinum toxin, a product of Clostridium botulinum, produces presynaptic neuromuscular block by preventing release of acetylcholine from nerve endings. The toxin was injected directly into the skeletal muscles of six patients with severe spasticity due to stroke-related hemiplegia. It produced both subjective and objective improvement. The toxin injections were well tolerated and no significan...

spasticity or increase in muscle tone is one of the problems following stroke. due to this increase in muscle tone, patients are confronted to problems in motor control and difficulties in activities of daily living and complications such as shortness and contracture. the aim of this study is to compare the effects of using splint or botulinum toxin injection on spasticity, range of motion and ...

controlled intradermal injection of botulinum toxin type A in recalcitrant axillary hyperhidrosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999;41:987-90. 8 Naumann M, Flachenecker P, Bröcker E-B, Toyka KV, Reiners K. Botulinum toxin for palmar hyperhidrosis. Lancet 1997;349:252. 9 Naumann M, Hofmann U, Bergmann I, Hamm H, Toyka KV, Reiners K. Focal hyperhidrosis: effective treatment with intracutaneous botulinum t...

BACKGROUND Dystonia is a neurological disorder usually of idiopathic etiology with a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. The advent of botulinum toxin has revolutionized the treatment of focal dystonias. This study was a prospective long term study to see the efficacy of botulinum toxin in the treatment of dystonias. MATERIAL AND METHODS There were a total of 215 injection sessions of b...

STUDY OBJECTIVE To assess the efficacy of botulinum toxin type A in lowering the frequency of migraine headaches in patients with episodic migraines. DESIGN Meta-analysis of eight randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. PATIENTS A total of 1601 patients with a history of episodic migraine headaches classified as those experiencing headaches fewer than 15 times/month over a 3-mo...

OBJECTIVE The purpose of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of botulinum A toxin in the treatment of detrusor sphincter dyssynergia in multiple sclerosis patients. METHODS This was a multicentre, placebo controlled, randomised, double blind study. Patients with chronic urinary retention were included if they had post-voiding residual urine volume between 100 and 500 ml. They re...

Spasticity or increase in muscle tone is one of the problems following stroke. Due to this increase in muscle tone, patients are confronted to problems in motor control and difficulties in activities of daily living and complications such as shortness and contracture. The aim of this study is to compare the effects of using splint or botulinum toxin injection on spasticity, range of motion and ...

purpose: to evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin-a as an alternate to surgery in acute complete sixth nerve palsy and to shorten the recovery period. methods: thirty patients with acute complete sixth nerve palsy received 1-10 units of botulinum toxin-a (dysport) injection in the medial rectus muscle within one month from the onset of palsy. toxin was injected directly into the muscle belly u...

IMPORTANCE Botulinum toxin A has been described as an effective adjunct treatment for achieving symmetry in adults with facial paralysis. Few investigators have described the use of botulinum toxin A in pediatric patients with facial paralysis. OBJECTIVE To present our preliminary experience with botulinum toxin A in pediatric patients presenting with asymmetry of the lower lip. DESIGN, SET...

For 20 years, botulinum toxin A has been used for treating a variety of disorders characterized by pathologically increased muscle contraction. Current research efforts focus on new areas of application for botulinum toxin A in speci®c pain therapy, particularly in primary headache syndromes and in myofascial pain syndromes of the neck, shoulder girdle and back. This opens up new options for pa...