Bumblebees are important pollinators for crops and wild flowering plants. Various pesticides have threatened the abundance diversity of bumblebees. In addition to direct sublethal effects, may alter gut microbial communities bees. Imidacloprid flupyradifurone insecticides both bind nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. However, latter was assumed be harmless honeybees can even applied crops. this s...

In eusocial Hymenoptera (ants, bees and wasps), queen and worker adult castes typically arise via environmental influences. A fundamental challenge is to understand how a single genome can thereby produce alternative phenotypes. A powerful approach is to compare the molecular basis of caste determination and differentiation along the evolutionary trajectory between primitively and advanced euso...