Despite shortcomings, boiling is the most common means of treating water at home and the benchmark against which emerging point-of-use water treatment approaches are measured. In a 5-month study, we assessed the microbiological effectiveness and cost of the practice among 218 self-reported boilers relying on unprotected water supplies. Boiling was associated with a 99% reduction in geometric me...

In this study, one type of nano-engineered heat transfer fluids: Water/AOT/Polyalphaolefin (PAO) nanoemulsion fluids are prepared, and their phase change heat transfer properties have been investigated. The Water/AOT/Polyalphaolefin nanoemulsion heat transfer fluids which are thermodynamically stable are spontaneously generated by a self-assembly of dispersed water nanodroplets The results, exp...

Calculation of excess quantities of ethylene glycol + water binary fluid systems at seven absolute temperatures (293.15 to 353.15) K from experimentally determined values of density and shear viscosity were presented in previous work. The examination of related functions beside the quality of correlation from several equations on these experimental values has also been reported. Considering...

Mixtures of ethylene glycol and water are used in cooling the engines in automotive applications. To avoid the two-phase flow in the engine, the mixture is subcooled in the radiator before entering the engine block. Heat transfer is therefore essentially under subcooled flow boiling conditions. Very little information is available in the literature on the subcooled flow boiling characteristics ...

Boiling is an extremely effective way to promote heat transfer from a hot surface to a liquid due to numerous mechanisms, many of which are not understood in quantitative detail. An important component of the overall process is that the buoyancy of the bubble compounds with that of the liquid to give rise to a much-enhanced natural convection. In this article, we focus specifically on this enha...

Reaction of a racemic acid or base with an optically active base or acid gives a pair of diastereomeric salts. Members of this pair exhibit different physicochemical properties (e.g., solubility, melting point, boiling point, adsorbtion, phase distribution) and can be separated owing to these differences. The most important method for the separation of enantiomers is the crystallization. This i...

I N T R O D U C T I O N Mechanical and metallurgical requirements impose limits on the rates at which aluminum alloys can be quenched by water sprays. The upper limit is set by the occurrence of plastic deformation which causes warping of the product and the lower limit is set by an inability to develop the required metallurgical properties in subsequent heat treatment operations. In addition, ...

A problem of current interest in geothermal energy extraction is the injection of cold water into a porous medium containing superheated vapor. Such injection will cause a boiling front to move away from the injection point. When flow is approximated as being one-dimensional radial, it can be shown from similarity variable concepts that temperature, pressure, and boiling rate at the front are c...

Rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) and (bio)ethylene are converted into biofuel with an evenly rising boiling point curve, which fulfills the strict boiling specifications prescribed by the fuel standard EN 590 for modern (petro)diesel engines. Catalyzed by a Pd/Ru system, RME undergoes isomerizing metathesis in a stream of ethylene gas, leading to a defined olefin, monoester, and diester blend. T...