BACKGROUND Blast-related traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been a significant cause of injury in the military operations of Iraq and Afghanistan, affecting as many as 10-20% of returning veterans. However, how blast waves affect the brain is poorly understood. To understand their effects, we analyzed the brains of rats exposed to single or multiple (three) 74.5 kPa blast exposures, conditions th...

Blast waves generated by improvised explosive devices (IEDs) cause traumatic brain injury (TBI) in soldiers and civilians. In vivo animal models that use shock tubes are extensively used in laboratories to simulate field conditions, to identify mechanisms of injury, and to develop injury thresholds. In this article, we place rats in different locations along the length of the shock tube (i.e., ...

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Blast simulators are capable of applying blast-like loading to components in a safe and controlled laboratory environment, overcoming the inherent shortcomings blast testing terms data acquisition, test cycle time, cost. In this paper, reasonable assumptions refinements made shape impact module, key component simulator, achieve diversity simulated loading. By designing four rubber shapes, impor...

The present paper investigated the process of the slag wool fabrication using high temperature blast furnace (BF) slag modified by coal ash (CA). The liquidus temperature and viscosity of the slag system with different mass ratios of BF slag and CA were measured through an inner cylinder rotation method. The approximate mass ratio used to fabricate the slag wool was therefore determined and sla...

ABSTRACT Introduction Blast overpressure exposure, an important cause of traumatic brain injury (TBI), may occur during combat or military training. TBI, most commonly mild is considered a signature recent in Iraq and Afghanistan. Low intensity primary blast-induced TBI (bTBI), caused by exposure to explosive shock wave, leaves no obvious physical external signs. Numerous studies have been cond...

In recent years, civil wars and terror activities have caused blast-loading effects on reinforced concrete buildings, resulting in catastrophic human material damage. When a building is exposed to blast load, very high air pressure affects the within short duration. To decide reconstruction or retrofit of loading, behavior under loading should be investigated. this paper case study RC during Li...

In the modeling of brain mechanics subjected to primary blast waves, there is currently no consensus on how many biological components to be used in the brain–meninges–skull complex, and what type of constitutive models to be adopted. The objective of this study is to determine the role of layered meninges in damping the dynamic response of the brain under primary blast loadings. A composite st...

Military personnel are at high risk of exposure to blasts during military service, both during combat and training. Evidence continues to build that supports exposure to blasts, particularly when repetitive, are associated with brain dysfunction which is usually transient but can be prolonged or permanent. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a consequence to repetitive brain injury noted in...

The accurate numerical simulation of air-blast is an industrial concern. Because the experimental investigation of these fast transient events is expensive and time-consuming, several numerical approaches of air explosion are carried out. In this paper, an airblast simulation is described using Eulerian multi-material formulation. In order to validate the numerical approach and prove its abilit...